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Info: Here you will find an overview of the overall structure of a paper in the social sciences.

In the social sciences, there are many theories and models about the same subject, some of which contradict each other. Make such controversies visible and engage with the different positions. As part of your academic work, it is necessary to consider the various alternatives and to take minority positions seriously as well.

A critical comparison of different theories is the basis for developing your own position.

Do I need theories for my thesis?

“Yes! A theory is like a pair of glasses through which I look at reality. It helps me see the outlines of a phenomenon more clearly and define it. This means a theory offers a comprehensive, well-founded description and explanation of (parts of) reality. Referring to theories in an academic paper makes it clear through which lens – in other words, from which perspective – I view things. To forego theory would mean remaining in the ‘naive’ position of everyday theories.”

– Wolfgang Wahl

Theoretical considerations often occur in connection with conceptual clarifications but can also be linked to the description of the research method used.

Quite often, empirical research projects contribute to generating hypotheses and thus to theory development.
Using different theories and models is an optional part of the structure of an academic paper.

Frequently asked questions

What should I keep in mind when including theories and models from other researchers in my paper?

Engage carefully with the original literature so that you truly understand the theories or models. Also, consult sources that critically discuss the theory or model themselves.

What should I keep in mind when developing my own theory?

Developing a theory is a demanding academic achievement, which is usually expected only at the master’s or doctoral level. It is important to conduct a thorough literature review beforehand to ensure that you are actually developing something new. Otherwise, your own theories should be based on solid arguments or empirical research – not on gut feeling.

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]]> Quantitative Studies https://leko.service.th-nuernberg.de/owl/en/artikel/quantitative-studies/ Thu, 14 Aug 2025 16:01:34 +0000 https://leko.service.th-nuernberg.de/owl/?post_type=artikel&p=7663 Empirical research refers to any research that uses empirical observations, that is, experiences, to answer its questions. While these data in qualitative research consist, for example, of interviews or notes, quantitative research relies on numerical data, e.g. measurements. Elements of a quantitative paper An empirical paper with a quantitative approach tests hypotheses derived from theory …

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]]> Empirical research refers to any research that uses empirical observations, that is, experiences, to answer its questions. While these data in qualitative research consist, for example, of interviews or notes, quantitative research relies on numerical data, e.g. measurements.

Elements of a quantitative paper

An empirical paper with a quantitative approach tests hypotheses derived from theory and usually contains the following elements:

  • Discussion of the problem in relation to the current academic literature
  • Own research questions embedded in or derived from this discussion
  • Implementation of these research questions into testable hypotheses
  • Description of research methods: data collection methods, e.g. questionnaire design, sample design
  • Analysis methods: study sample, data analysis methods, presentation of results, findings regarding confirmation or rejection of hypotheses
  • Discussion and interpretation of the results

Quantitative methods of data collection

There are different methods of data collection for a quantitative study. The typical ones are:

  • Counting
  • Assessing
  • Testing
  • Surveying
  • Observing
  • Measuring

Frequently asked questions

What is meant by quantitative research?

Through quantitative research, you test hypotheses derived from theory. Various empirical methods are available to you for this purpose.

How do I present my results clearly and understandably?

Use a clear structure with tables or diagrams for illustration and describe the most important results objectively and concisely.

How do I deal with negative or non-significant results?

These results should be reported objectively, reflected upon theoretically, and possible explanations (e.g. sample size, measurement instruments) should be discussed, rather than omitted.

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