{"id":7418,"date":"2025-08-12T13:11:49","date_gmt":"2025-08-12T11:11:49","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/leko.service.th-nuernberg.de\/owl\/?post_type=artikel&p=7418"},"modified":"2025-08-19T18:33:48","modified_gmt":"2025-08-19T16:33:48","slug":"citing-in-business-administration","status":"publish","type":"artikel","link":"https:\/\/leko.service.th-nuernberg.de\/owl\/en\/artikel\/citing-in-business-administration\/","title":{"rendered":"Citing in Business Administration"},"content":{"rendered":"

The explanations in this article refer to the Guide to Scientific Work<\/a> by Prof.<\/abbr> Dr.<\/abbr> Stefanie M\u00fcller, which many lecturers of the Faculty of Business Administration (BW<\/abbr>) follow.<\/p>\n

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Quotes style<\/h2>\n<\/div>\n

M\u00fcller (2012) recommends the use of footnotes<\/b> to avoid interrupting the flow of the text. All footnotes are collected and listed at the bottom of the page.<\/p>\n

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The short reference in the footnote is formed according to the following pattern:<\/h3>\n<\/p><\/div>\n

Last name (year), page number.<\/p>\n

Example:<\/b><\/p>\n

\u201cEvery direct quote must be placed in quotation marks in the text; the quote reference follows after the closing quotation mark.\u201d 23<\/sup><\/p>\n

23<\/sup> Theisen (2009), p.<\/abbr> 151.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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However, your lecturers may prefer a different quotes style \u2013 clarify this in advance.<\/cite><\/div>\n<\/div>\n
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Direct and indirect quotes<\/h2>\n<\/div>\n

Basically, two types of quotes are distinguished: the direct (verbatim)<\/b> and the indirect (paraphrased)<\/b> quote.<\/p>\n

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For both types of quotes, you must include a reference that proves where the quote comes from.<\/cite><\/div>\n<\/div>\n

With direct quotes<\/b> you take over the foreign text unchanged into your text, including spelling and punctuation. This is indicated by quotation marks and the reference. Any change, omission, or correction of errors must be marked by square brackets.<\/p>\n

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Example:<\/h3>\n<\/p><\/div>\n

\u201cIn direct quotes, the statements of another author are used word for word in one’s own text.\u201d 1<\/sup><\/p>\n

1<\/sup> M\u00fcller (2012), p.<\/abbr> 132.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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Use direct quotes sparingly! Only quote directly when the phrasing of the writers is particularly original and concise.<\/cite><\/div>\n<\/div>\n

With indirect quotes<\/b> you adopt ideas, results, statements etc.<\/abbr> from other texts but formulate them in your own words. Indirect quotes are also marked with a short reference but are not put in quotation marks. The short reference in the footnote begins with \u201ccf.<\/abbr>\u201d.<\/p>\n

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Example:<\/h3>\n<\/p><\/div>\n

An indirect quote is characterized by the fact that the statements of a third person \u2013 in terms of meaning \u2013 are transferred into one\u2019s own formulation. 1<\/sup><\/p>\n

1<\/sup> Cf.<\/abbr> M\u00fcller (2012), p.<\/abbr> 132.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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Information about longer indirect quotes can be found in this article: Longer indirect quotes<\/a>.<\/cite><\/div>\n<\/div>\n

Secondary quotes<\/b> \u2013 that is the citation of a quote \u2013 should be avoided. Such a quote may only be used in exceptional cases, e.g.<\/abbr> when the original source is no longer accessible. Both sources must be listed in the bibliography.<\/p>\n

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Example:<\/h3>\n<\/p><\/div>\n

If you have to use a secondary quote, the following details belong in the footnote:<\/p>\n

Last name, first name (year), page number cited after last name, first name (year), page number.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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Important notes<\/h2>\n<\/div>\n

If more than two authors are named, place an \u201eet al.<\/abbr>\u201c (Latin for \u201cand others\u201d) after the first name.<\/p>\n

Example:<\/b> Sterzenbach et al.<\/abbr> (2009), p.<\/abbr> 296.<\/p>\n

If there are multiple sources by the same author from the same year, use lowercase letters (a, b, c, etc.) after the year.<\/p>\n

Example:<\/b> Aberle (2009a), p.<\/abbr> 77. Aberle (2009b), p.<\/abbr> 124.<\/p>\n

If the place or author is not clear, use the title in place of the author. However, it is better \u2013 if the author is missing \u2013 to name the responsible organization (association, company, institution etc.<\/abbr>).<\/p>\n

Example:<\/b> BMBF (2012), p.<\/abbr> 34.<\/p>\n

If the year or date is not clear, write \u201en.d.<\/abbr>\u201c (no date).<\/p>\n

Example:<\/b> Maier (n.d.<\/abbr>), p.<\/abbr> 99.<\/p>\n

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Literature types<\/h2>\n<\/div>\n
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Scientific publications worthy of citation are:<\/b><\/h3>\n<\/p><\/div>\n