{"id":7657,"date":"2025-08-14T17:51:41","date_gmt":"2025-08-14T15:51:41","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/leko.service.th-nuernberg.de\/owl\/?post_type=artikel&p=7657"},"modified":"2025-11-24T14:48:14","modified_gmt":"2025-11-24T13:48:14","slug":"the-bibliography-of-a-paper-in-engineering","status":"publish","type":"artikel","link":"https:\/\/leko.service.th-nuernberg.de\/owl\/en\/artikel\/the-bibliography-of-a-paper-in-engineering\/","title":{"rendered":"The Bibliography of a Paper in Engineering"},"content":{"rendered":"
\n
\"\"<\/div>\n
Info:<\/b> Here you will find an overview of the overall structure of a paper in engineering and natural sciences<\/a>.<\/cite><\/div>\n<\/div>\n

At the end of the paper you will find the bibliography. Here all (and only) used sources are listed. If you use a numerical citation style, the sources will be listed with their number in the order of their first appearance. If an author-year style is used, the sources are sorted alphanumerically.<\/p>\n

The following gives the specifications of different types of literature according to the citation style IEEE<\/abbr> Editorial Style Manual (German)<\/b>, which is often recommended for engineering papers. You can find the citation style in the reference management programs Zotero and BibTEX.<\/p>\n

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\"\"<\/div>\n
Note any differing citation guidelines from your instructors.<\/cite><\/div>\n<\/div>\n
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\"\"<\/div>\n

Monographs<\/h2>\n<\/div>\n

In the academic context, a monograph is a book written by one or more persons, without specific parts being attributable to individual authors.<\/p>\n

How it\u2019s done:<\/b> [No<\/abbr>] Initial of first name. Last name, Title<\/i>, Edition, Place(s) of publication: Publisher, Year.<\/p>\n

\n
\n
<\/div>\n

Examples:<\/h3>\n<\/div>\n[12] H. Kuchling, Handbook of Physics<\/i>, 13th, rev. ed., Thun and Frankfurt\/Main: Harri Deutsch, 1991.<\/p>\n[13] T. Kaufmann, Business Models in Industry 4.0 and the Internet of Things: The Path from Ambition to Reality<\/i>, Wiesbaden: Springer Vieweg, 2015.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n
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If it is the first edition, the specification is omitted.<\/cite><\/div>\n<\/div>\n
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Collected volumes, encyclopedias and handbooks<\/h2>\n<\/div>\n

Collected volumes are books whose chapters (contributions) come from different people. This usually also applies to encyclopedias or handbooks. For encyclopedias and handbooks, you should make sure they are subject-specific, not general reference works.<\/p>\n

\n
\"\"<\/div>\n
The editors, abbreviated as Eds. or Ed., publish the entire work.<\/cite><\/div>\n<\/div>\n

How it\u2019s done:<\/b> [No<\/abbr>] Initial(s) of first name. Last name (author), \u201cTitle of contribution\u201d in: Title of collected volume<\/i>, Initial of first name. Last name (editor), Ed.<\/abbr>, Edition, Place(s) of publication: Publisher, Year, p. (first page of contribution)\u2013(last page of contribution).<\/p>\n

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\n
<\/div>\n

Example:<\/h3>\n<\/div>\n[14] W. v. Baeckmann, \u201cElektrochemischer Korrosionsschutz\u201c, in:\u00a0Korrosion und Korrosionsschutz<\/i>, E. Kunze, Ed.<\/abbr>, Weinheim: Wiley-VCH, 2001, pp. 1757\u20131788.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n
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\"\"<\/div>\n

Internet documents<\/h2>\n<\/div>\n

Internet documents are unstable: they can be deleted, changed, and moved. Therefore, you must always state the date on which you last accessed the source. Also pay attention to reliable, authoritative sources.<\/p>\n

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\"\"<\/div>\n
Sources that exist both in print and online should be cited in their print version (e.g.<\/abbr> the titles on Springer Link in the university intranet).<\/cite><\/div>\n<\/div>\n

You can additionally provide the URL<\/abbr>.<\/p>\n

How it\u2019s done:<\/b> [No.<\/abbr>] Initial of first name. Last name, Title of the Internet document<\/i>, Year. [Online]. Available at: URL<\/abbr> (Accessed: Date).<\/p>\n

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\n
<\/div>\n

Examples:<\/h3>\n<\/div>\n[15] K. Hansen, A. Buis and C. Wette, Satellite Shows High Productivity from U.S. Corn Belt<\/i>, March 31, 2014. [Online]. Available at: https:\/\/www.jpl.nasa.gov\/news\/news.php?release=2014-097 (Accessed: 15.09.2020).<\/p>\n[16] Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Die gesetzlichen Einheiten in Deutschland<\/i>, 2nd ed., 2020. [Online]. Available at: https:\/\/www.ptb.de\/cms\/fileadmin\/internet\/presse_aktuelles\/broschueren\/intern_einheitensystem\/Die_gesetzlichen_Einheiten.pdf (Accessed: 29.04.2021).<\/p>\n<\/div>\n
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Attention:<\/b> If you have automatic hyphenation activated in your word processing program, make sure that no hyphenation marks sneak into your URL<\/abbr> entries. It is best never to break your links in the middle of a word, but after a special character.<\/cite><\/div>\n<\/div>\n
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Blogs, wikipedia and videos<\/h2>\n<\/div>\n

Since modern developments are often published on the web first, it may happen, especially in the open-source and security fields, that no books, journals, or proceedings (conference volumes) exist on the given topic.<\/p>\n

\n
\"\"<\/div>\n
In this case, always search for and cite the original source of information, and under no circumstances rely on news aggregators or dubious blogs.<\/cite><\/div>\n<\/div>\n

Blogs of well-known experts, on the other hand, can be worth citing \u2013 in exceptional cases also tutorials, e.g.<\/abbr> for particularly complex topics.<\/p>\n

Wikipedia is controversial among faculty. But you can use Wikipedia as a starting source to familiarize yourself and to find further references.<\/p>\n

\n
\"\"<\/div>\n
Note that there are good as well as poor Wikipedia articles.<\/cite><\/div>\n<\/div>\n

Only use Wikipedia as a source if the online encyclopedia is truly the best source. Normally, however, you will always find original sources there.<\/p>\n

When using internet documents, save the webpage with \u201cSave as\u201d including all graphics and embedded materials, and copy these onto the accompanying storage medium. In the bibliography, state the date on which you saved the page.<\/p>\n

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\"\"<\/div>\n
Videos, e.g.<\/abbr> from YouTube, are generally not citable, since they usually cannot be downloaded for archiving, or it is not permitted.<\/cite><\/div>\n<\/div>\n
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\"\"<\/div>\n

Digital Object Identifier?<\/h2>\n<\/div>\n

For digitally available books and journals, a Digital Object Identifier (DOI) is increasingly specified.<\/p>\n

\n
\"\"<\/div>\n
A DOI<\/abbr> is a worldwide unique identifier assigned to a book or to a single article in a journal.<\/cite><\/div>\n<\/div>\n

The identifier consists of a publisher code and an object code, separated by a slash. Behind the URL<\/abbr> http:\/\/dx.doi.org is an international database that determines, for a DOI<\/abbr>, the corresponding URL<\/abbr> under which the work can be retrieved via HTTP<\/abbr>.<\/p>\n

The advantage of this indirect indexing is that the DOI<\/abbr> always remains constant. If the object URL<\/abbr> changes, the publisher only needs to update the reference address in the database (e.g., when the publisher changes, or the server architecture changes).<\/p>\n

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\n
<\/div>\n

Example:<\/h3>\n<\/div>\n[17] A. Lorenz and S. Delorme, \u201cB-Mode Sonographie. Teil 1. Physikalische Grundlagen\u201d, HNO<\/i>, Vol. 48, No. 4, pp. 332\u2013339, 2000. doi: 10.1007\/s001060050576.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n
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\"\"<\/div>\n

Journal articles<\/h2>\n<\/div>\n

In journals, the individual issue is usually identified with a number. Several issues (typically three to eight) are combined into a volume.<\/p>\n

Since in a volume the page numbering simply continues, this means that in a single issue of the volume the first page usually does not start with one, but the numbering continues from the previous issue (except when a new volume begins).<\/p>\n

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\"\"<\/div>\n
Journal titles that consist of more than one word (like Science or Nature) are abbreviated (e.g., Data Science and Engineering as: Data Sci. Eng.).<\/cite><\/div>\n<\/div>\n

This is how it\u2019s done:<\/b> [No.<\/abbr>] Initial of first name. Last name, \u201cTitle of the article\u201d, Title of the journal<\/i>, Volume, Issue number, pp.<\/abbr> [first page of article]\u2013[last page of article], Year.<\/p>\n

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\n
<\/div>\n

Example:<\/h3>\n<\/div>\n[18] K. Schuchmann and V. M\u00fcller, \u201cDirect and reversible hydrogenation of CO2 to formate by a bacterial carbon dioxide reductase\u201d, Science<\/i>, Vol. 342, No. 6164, pp. 1382\u20131385, 2013.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n
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\"\"<\/div>\n

Standards<\/h2>\n<\/div>\n

DIN<\/abbr> standards, VDI<\/abbr> guidelines and VDE<\/abbr> regulations must also be cited.<\/p>\n

This is how it\u2019s done:<\/b> [No.<\/abbr>] Title of the standard \u2013 Subtitle<\/i>, Number, Date.<\/p>\n

\n
\n
<\/div>\n

Example:<\/h3>\n<\/div>\n[19] Optik und optische Instrumente \u2013 Mikroskope; Objekttr\u00e4ger \u2013 Teil 1: Ma\u00dfe, optische Eigenschaften und Kennzeichnun<\/i>, DIN ISO 8037-1, May 2003.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n
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\"\"<\/div>\n

Patent<\/h2>\n<\/div>\n

How it\u2019s done:<\/b> [No.<\/abbr>] Author, \u201cTitle of the patent,\u201d Patent number, Date.<\/p>\n

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\n
<\/div>\n

Example:<\/h3>\n<\/div>\n[20] H. Krantz GmbH & Co., \u201cVerfahren zur zugfreien Bel\u00fcftung von R\u00e4umen\u201d, Patent DE 2653776 C2, Nov. 26, 1976.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

By the way: You can include extensive information on patents in the appendix.<\/p>\n

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\"\"<\/div>\n

Academic theses<\/h2>\n<\/div>\n

Academic theses include bachelor\u2019s theses, master\u2019s theses, and dissertations.<\/p>\n

\n
\"\"<\/div>\n
Dissertations are always citable if they have been published.<\/cite><\/div>\n<\/div>\n

Citing other academic theses can be appropriate in individual cases: If you want to cite an unpublished bachelor\u2019s thesis or master\u2019s thesis, you should discuss this with your instructors. It is permissible if the cited thesis contains relevant research findings.<\/p>\n

How it\u2019s done:<\/b> [No.<\/abbr>] Initial of first name. Last name, \u201cTitle\u201d, Type of thesis, University, Year.<\/p>\n

\n
\n
<\/div>\n

Example:<\/h3>\n<\/div>\n[21] A. Hepp, \u201cFernsehaneignung. \u00dcber Formen, R\u00e4ume und Stile der kommunikativen Aneignung von Fernsehsendungen\u201d, Dissertation, University of Trier, 1996.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n
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Image sources<\/h2>\n<\/div>\n
\n
\n
<\/div>\n

Images can be cited in two different ways:<\/h3>\n<\/div>\n
    \n
  1. If you reproduce a figure unchanged, it corresponds to a direct quotation. Mark it as: \u201cfrom [21]\u201d.<\/li>\n
  2. If you reproduce a figure in a modified form, it corresponds to an indirect quotation. Mark this modification as: \u201cadapted from [21]\u201d.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n
    \n
    \"\"<\/div>\n

    Oral information<\/h2>\n<\/div>\n

    Oral information that you receive e.g.<\/abbr> from colleagues is cited in a footnote as follows: \u201c1<\/sup>Personal communication from Ms. G. Samplecolleague\u201d. In the case of multiple mentions, this source can also be listed on the bibliography. However, it is only in rare cases a valid source.<\/p>\n

    \n
    \"\"<\/div>\n
    Discuss this possibility with your professors.<\/cite><\/div>\n<\/div>\n
    \n
    \"\"<\/div>\n

    Works with multiple authors<\/h2>\n<\/div>\n

    Even for works with two or more authors, according to IEEE<\/abbr>, all contributors are listed on the bibliography.<\/p>\n

    \n
    \"\"<\/div>\n
    The Latin addition \u201cet al.\u201d, meaning \u201cand others,\u201d is only used when not all contributing persons are known.<\/cite><\/div>\n<\/div>\n
    \n
    \"\"<\/div>\n

    Tips for your bibliography<\/h2>\n<\/div>\n
      \n
    1. Create the bibliography automatically with the help of a reference management program such as Citavi or BibTEX (for LATEX).<\/li>\n
    2. Make sure that all entries in the bibliography are consistent and correct.<\/li>\n
    3. For contributions in edited volumes, always provide both the title of the contribution with the authors and the title of the complete work with the editors. State the full page range of the contribution. Only then can it be traced exactly which contribution or article you are citing.<\/li>\n
    4. Entries on the bibliography end with a full stop.<\/li>\n
    5. Publisher names are listed without the legal form of the publisher (e.g.<\/abbr> GmbH<\/abbr>,\u00a0OHG<\/abbr>) or the word \u201cPublisher.\u201d Exception: If the word \u201cPublisher\u201d is part of the publisher\u2019s name, as for example with PRH Publishers Services.<\/li>\n
    6. Keep the order of authors as given in the source. The order was chosen deliberately.<\/li>\n
    7. Academic titles (such as Dr.<\/abbr> or Prof.<\/abbr>) are not included in the bibliography.<\/li>\n
    8. Lecture scripts usually do not count as scientific publications, since they are not generally accessible, and therefore are not citable.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n
      \n
      \"\"<\/div>\n

      OWL quiz: test yourself<\/h2>\n<\/div>\n

      And now it\u2019s your turn! Find 10 errors that we have hidden in the following bibliography. Click on the spots where you suspect an error. A green checkmark shows that you are correct. A red cross means there is no error there.
      \n

      <\/div>\nDone? You can find the solution<\/a> here.<\/p>\n
      \n
      \"\"<\/div>\n
      The bibliography is a mandatory part of the structure of a scientific paper<\/a>.<\/cite><\/div>\n<\/div>\n
      \n
      \"\"<\/div>\n

      Frequently asked questions<\/h2>\n<\/div>\n
      \n

      Can I cite YouTube videos?<\/h3>\n

      Videos, e.g.<\/abbr> from YouTube, are generally not citable, since they usually cannot be downloaded for archiving or this is not permitted.<\/p>\n

      What do I need to keep in mind with internet documents?<\/h3>\n

      Internet documents are unstable: They can be deleted, changed, or moved. That is why you must always state the date on which you last reviewed the source. Also, pay attention to reliable, authoritative sources.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

      Directory Bibliography Sources Order Citation Guidelines<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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