{"id":7908,"date":"2025-08-20T11:30:04","date_gmt":"2025-08-20T09:30:04","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/leko.service.th-nuernberg.de\/owl\/?post_type=artikel&p=7908"},"modified":"2025-08-20T11:38:01","modified_gmt":"2025-08-20T09:38:01","slug":"what-do-i-have-to-prove","status":"publish","type":"artikel","link":"https:\/\/leko.service.th-nuernberg.de\/owl\/en\/artikel\/what-do-i-have-to-prove\/","title":{"rendered":"What Do I Have to Prove?"},"content":{"rendered":"
\n
\"\"<\/div>\n

Empirical statements<\/h2>\n<\/div>\n

An empirical statement is usually based on (external) empirical research. A source reference is absolutely necessary here.<\/p>\n

Example:<\/b> \u201eThe suspect rate among 14- to under 18-year-olds decreased from 7.0 % in 2007 to 5.5 % in 2015\u201c (Police Crime Statistics, 2015).<\/p>\n

If the empirical statement is based on your own observations or research, a source reference is not required, but you should document the research process to allow assessment of its validity. You also do not need sources to mention undisputed statements and general knowledge in your field.<\/p>\n

\n
\"\"<\/div>\n
However, as soon as you give specific information, you need sources, like for percentages.<\/cite><\/div>\n<\/div>\n
\n
\"\"<\/div>\n

Analytical statements<\/h2>\n<\/div>\n

When you make analytical statements based on your own reasoning, a source is not required. For example, you can draw the following conclusion if you previously presented refugee numbers with sources:<\/p>\n

Example:<\/b> \u201eThe strongly differing numbers of refugees with secured residence status in Germany and Hungary show that the two countries pursue different goals in their refugee policies.\u201c<\/p>\n

However, if you refer to a thesis in the literature, you must prove it with a source. This is always necessary when there are multiple, sometimes conflicting positions.<\/p>\n

If you refer to the ideas of other authors and draw your own conclusions from them, you must make it clear where your own thought begins.<\/p>\n

\n
\"\"<\/div>\n
If it is undisputed basic knowledge in the field, a source is not required.<\/cite><\/div>\n<\/div>\n

Therefore, the often-given advice in guides is not always correct: \u201eProve everything that does not come from you\u201c.<\/p>\n

\n
\"\"<\/div>\n

Normative statements<\/h2>\n<\/div>\n

With a normative statement, you indicate that a behavior or procedure conforms to or should conform to a generally accepted norm. Note: if this statement represents your own opinion, you must justify it. Your reasons should not be based solely on gut feeling.<\/p>\n

Example:<\/b> \u201eIn my view, a humane refugee policy should reconsider the distinction between economic refugees and political refugees, because …\u201c.<\/p>\n

You can include such statements in the conclusion when you make your own recommendations for action.<\/p>\n

\n
\"\"<\/div>\n
Make sure to clearly separate these from empirical and analytical statements.<\/cite><\/div>\n<\/div>\n
\n
\"\"<\/div>\n

Frequently asked questions<\/h2>\n<\/div>\n
\n

What do I need to cite?<\/h3>\n

Always cite when you adopt formulations or ideas from other texts. Basic knowledge in your own field does not need to be marked as a quote.<\/p>\n

How do I cite correctly?<\/h3>\n

To cite correctly, provide the source both at the exact place in the text and in the bibliography.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

empirical statement analytical statement normative statement cite source reference<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Empirical statements An empirical statement is usually based on (external) empirical research. A source reference is absolutely necessary here. Example: \u201eThe suspect rate among 14- to under 18-year-olds decreased from 7.0 % in 2007 to 5.5 % in 2015\u201c (Police Crime Statistics, 2015). If the empirical statement is based on your own observations or research, \u2026<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":17,"featured_media":5305,"menu_order":47,"template":"","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_coblocks_attr":"","_coblocks_dimensions":"","_coblocks_responsive_height":"","_coblocks_accordion_ie_support":"","_uag_custom_page_level_css":"","site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"default","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","ast-disable-related-posts":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"default","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"set","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"ast-content-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"footnotes":""},"artikel_category":[1351],"artikel_post_tag":[1900,1879,1744,1898,1266,1224,1894,1348,1896],"fakultaet":[1232,1332,1236,1240,1269,1272,1340,1242,1336,1231,1275,1234,1246],"arbeitsart":[1310,1251],"class_list":["post-7908","artikel","type-artikel","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","artikel_category-citing-layout","artikel_post_tag-analytical","artikel_post_tag-citing","artikel_post_tag-empirically","artikel_post_tag-normative","artikel_post_tag-quotation","artikel_post_tag-quote","artikel_post_tag-reference","artikel_post_tag-source-en","artikel_post_tag-statement","fakultaet-ac-en","fakultaet-amp-en","fakultaet-ar-en","fakultaet-bi-en","fakultaet-bw-en","fakultaet-d-en","fakultaet-efi-en","fakultaet-in-en","fakultaet-mb-vs-en","fakultaet-soh","fakultaet-sw","fakultaet-vt","fakultaet-wt","arbeitsart-hausarbeit-en","arbeitsart-masterarbeit-en"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nWhat Do I Have to Prove? - Online Writing Lab<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/leko.service.th-nuernberg.de\/owl\/en\/artikel\/what-do-i-have-to-prove\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"de_DE\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"What Do I Have to Prove? - Online Writing Lab\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Empirical statements An empirical statement is usually based on (external) empirical research. 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