{"id":7970,"date":"2025-08-21T10:51:06","date_gmt":"2025-08-21T08:51:06","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/leko.service.th-nuernberg.de\/owl\/?post_type=artikel&p=7970"},"modified":"2025-08-21T13:25:08","modified_gmt":"2025-08-21T11:25:08","slug":"language-in-social-science-papers","status":"publish","type":"artikel","link":"https:\/\/leko.service.th-nuernberg.de\/owl\/en\/artikel\/language-in-social-science-papers\/","title":{"rendered":"Language in Social Science Texts"},"content":{"rendered":"
\n
\"\"<\/div>\n

What makes language scientific?<\/h2>\n<\/div>\n

There isn’t the one correct scientific language, but rather a dynamic range of possibilities within a field. However, the language in scientific texts is generally:<\/p>\n

    \n
  • objective<\/li>\n
  • proven<\/li>\n
  • neutral<\/li>\n
  • precise and unambiguous<\/li>\n
  • short and concise<\/li>\n
  • formal<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
    \n
    \"\"<\/div>\n

    Write objectively<\/h2>\n<\/div>\n

    Write about content that is relevant to your research question at that point.<\/p>\n

    \n
    \n
    <\/div>\n

    Example<\/h3>\n<\/div>\n

    Depending on education, profession, social status, and marital status, employees have different options for balancing work and family life.<\/p>\n

    Not:<\/b> Balancing work and family life is a difficult balancing act for many employees. Although companies can create alternatives to working outside the office with telework or remote work, the opportunities for successful reconciliation of work and family life vary greatly depending on education, profession, social status, and marital status.\n<\/div>\n

    \n
    \"\"<\/div>\n
    For the statement to be made (i.e., \u201cThe factors of successful reconciliation on the part of employees\u201d), it is not relevant here whether companies provide teleworking options or similar. This could be addressed in the next or an additional section. The first sentence was deleted because its content is trivial.<\/cite><\/div>\n<\/div>\n
    \n
    \"\"<\/div>\n

    Prove everything<\/h2>\n<\/div>\n

    Present findings that are verifiable and supported by evidence. Do not make assumptions. Claims must be identified as such.<\/p>\n

    \n
    \n
    <\/div>\n

    Example<\/h3>\n<\/div>\n

    According to a study by the Techniker Krankenkasse (2013, p.<\/abbr> 14), 60 percent of people under the age of 25 eat convenience foods at least once a week.<\/p>\n

    Not:<\/b> Studies by health insurance companies have shown that young adults eat poorly.\n<\/div>\n

    \n
    \"\"<\/div>\n
    Name the studies you use so that readers can assess the scientific validity, e.g., sample size, representativeness, and methods. In addition, the sentence is more precise and neutral after rephrasing.<\/cite><\/div>\n<\/div>\n
    \n
    \"\"<\/div>\n

    Remain neutral<\/h2>\n<\/div>\n

    Avoid judgmental expressions. If you make evaluations, they must occur in an appropriate place and explicitly, e.g., in the conclusion.<\/p>\n

    \n
    \n
    <\/div>\n

    Example<\/h3>\n<\/div>\n

    M\u00fcller (2012, p.<\/abbr> 4) shows that the crime rate increased between 1992 and 2012. According to a study by the Federal Criminal Police Office (2013, p.<\/abbr> 55), this is due to the growing spread of firearms.<\/p>\n

    Not:<\/b> M\u00fcller (2012, p.<\/abbr> 34) unfortunately shows that the crime rate has risen in the last 20 years. This is probably due to the far too high prevalence of firearms, according to a study by the Federal Criminal Police Office (2013, p.<\/abbr> 55).\n<\/div>\n

    \n
    \"\"<\/div>\n
    \u201cUnfortunately,\u201d \u201cfar too high,\u201d and \u201cprobably\u201d are both evaluative and vague expressions.<\/cite><\/div>\n<\/div>\n
    \n
    \"\"<\/div>\n

    Write precisely and clearly<\/h2>\n<\/div>\n

    Avoid long paraphrases if you can express the idea with a technical term. Even if clear language is required, remember: You are writing an academic paper for a specialist audience. Later in your professional practice, you will also write texts intended for experts, such as reports or concepts, which do not need to be understood by every layperson.<\/p>\n

    However, technical terms should be introduced and defined where necessary, if they are not widely known.<\/p>\n

    \n
    \n
    <\/div>\n

    Example<\/h3>\n<\/div>\n

    For these reasons, experts recommend full-day schools.<\/p>\n

    Not:<\/b> For these reasons, experts recommend schools that, in addition to morning classes, offer an all-day program at least three days a week, with a minimum of seven hours each day.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

    \n
    \"\"<\/div>\n
    Here, the technical term \u201cfull-day school\u201d can be used instead of a lengthy explanation. The different types of full-day schools are not relevant at this point.<\/cite><\/div>\n<\/div>\n
    \n
    \"\"<\/div>\n

    Formulate concisely and simple<\/h2>\n<\/div>\n

    Academic texts are working documents that should be easy to read and understand. Therefore, formulate as briefly and clearly as possible, and do not hide your statements behind unnecessarily complicated words and phrases.<\/p>\n

    \n
    \n
    <\/div>\n

    Example 1<\/h3>\n<\/div>\n

    The German education system, and thus the school system, is diverse and partly confusing. What is meant by the term full-day school differs in terms of content, organization, and region.<\/p>\n

    Not:<\/b> The school system, as part of the education system in Germany, is nowadays very diverse and partly also confusing. When you deal with the topic of \u201cfull-day school,\u201d it quickly becomes clear that there is no single type of full-day school. In terms of content and organization, as well as regionally in the federal states and municipalities, there are major differences. Therefore, before this topic can be discussed, a definition should first be provided.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

    \n
    \"\"<\/div>\n
    The example is awkward, redundant, and imprecisely worded. The phrase \u201cas part of\u201d can be omitted without changing the meaning. What is the difference between \u201cdiverse\u201d and \u201cvery diverse,\u201d or between \u201cmajor differences\u201d and \u201cdifferences\u201d? \u201cWhen you deal with the topic\u201d is an unnecessary filler. The adjective \u201cregional\u201d and the phrase \u201cin federal states and municipalities\u201d say the same thing. The sentence \u201cTherefore, before this topic can be discussed, a definition should first be provided\u201d is unnecessary because the text has already pointed out the inconsistent use of the term. If the definition follows, the sentence can be omitted.<\/cite><\/div>\n<\/div>\n
    \n
    \n
    <\/div>\n

    Example 2<\/h3>\n<\/div>\n

    Music therapy is one way to approach a person as an individual. Everyone perceives music differently, which is why music therapy does not appeal to everyone. However, its improvisational component makes it possible to respond individually to each person and their abilities. Therefore, music therapy can meaningfully complement common therapy methods.<\/p>\n

    Not:<\/b> Music therapy is one way to approach a person as an individual and give them a stimulus. Of course, not everyone will respond to musical therapy, as everyone has a different relationship with music. However, due to the high proportion of improvisation, it provides an incredibly fascinating way to respond individually to the person and their abilities. Therefore, this form of music therapy is already a method that can very meaningfully supplement common therapy forms and offer hope.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

    \n
    \"\"<\/div>\n
    The example contains filler words as well as evaluative and flowery expressions such as \u201cincredibly fascinating,\u201d \u201chigh proportion,\u201d \u201coffer hope.\u201d The sentences can be phrased more precisely and concisely.<\/cite><\/div>\n<\/div>\n
    \n
    \n
    <\/div>\n

    Example 3<\/h3>\n<\/div>\n

    The number of places in transitional homes is limited.<\/p>\n

    Not:<\/b> The places in transitional homes are subject to a quantitative limitation.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

    \n
    \"\"<\/div>\n
    The sentence uses unnecessarily complicated phrases and sounds artificial.<\/cite><\/div>\n<\/div>\n
    \n
    \"\"<\/div>\n

    Express yourself formally<\/h2>\n<\/div>\n

    A certain level of formality is expected in academic writing. Therefore, avoid colloquial language, jargon, and promotional language. However, do not use overly formal language either.<\/p>\n

    \n
    \n
    <\/div>\n

    Example 1<\/h3>\n<\/div>\n

    People who have committed offenses are imprisoned in correctional facilities.<\/p>\n

    Not:<\/b> People who have dedicated their lives to crime are imprisoned in correctional facilities.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

    \n
    \"\"<\/div>\n
    The word \u201cdedicated\u201d is used incorrectly in terms of meaning and grammar. It also sounds pretentious.<\/cite><\/div>\n<\/div>\n
    \n
    \n
    <\/div>\n

    Example 2<\/h3>\n<\/div>\n

    The students at this school often wear worn-out clothes.<\/p>\n

    Not:<\/b> The students at this school often wear old and shabby outfits.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

    \n
    \"\"<\/div>\n
    The phrase \u201cshabby outfits\u201d is colloquial and judgmental.<\/cite><\/div>\n<\/div>\n
    \n
    \n
    <\/div>\n

    Example 3<\/h3>\n<\/div>\n

    The program FIT UND AKTIV for seniors has existed since 1946.<\/p>\n

    Not:<\/b> The success story of FIT UND AKTIV began about 70 years ago.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

    \n
    \"\"<\/div>\n
    The phrase \u201csuccess story\u201d gives the impression of promotional language. The expression \u201cabout 70 years ago\u201d is imprecise.<\/cite><\/div>\n<\/div>\n

    Every text written as part of your studies or your profession should also apply correct spelling, punctuation, and grammar. This is particularly true for academic work. An excessive number of formal errors may lead readers and examiners to doubt your overall diligence \u2013 for example, your academic work.<\/p>\n

    \n
    \"\"<\/div>\n
    Use the spell check of your word processor, research grammar, and ask fellow students, friends, or writing tutors for feedback. AI writing tools can also help you proofread your texts.<\/cite><\/div>\n<\/div>\n

    It is normal to become text-blind while writing and repeatedly overlook even obvious mistakes.<\/p>\n

    \n
    \"\"<\/div>\n

    Frequently asked questions<\/h2>\n<\/div>\n
    \n

    What characterizes academic language?<\/h3>\n

    Although there are subject-specific differences, the language in all academic texts is generally: objective, proven, neutral, precise, clear, concise, and formal.<\/p>\n

    How can I improve my academic writing style?<\/h3>\n

    To continuously improve your academic writing style, we recommend reading scholarly literature regularly, especially in your research area, and seeking text feedback from your lecturers and fellow students.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

    academic language writing style academic writing<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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