{"id":8035,"date":"2025-08-22T15:23:16","date_gmt":"2025-08-22T13:23:16","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/leko.service.th-nuernberg.de\/owl\/?post_type=artikel&#038;p=8035"},"modified":"2025-08-22T15:36:01","modified_gmt":"2025-08-22T13:36:01","slug":"citing-online-documents","status":"publish","type":"artikel","link":"https:\/\/leko.service.th-nuernberg.de\/owl\/en\/artikel\/citing-online-documents\/","title":{"rendered":"Citing Online Documents"},"content":{"rendered":"<div id=\"regelungen\" class=\"headline has-icon\">\n<div class=\"icon\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"attachment-small size-small\" src=\"https:\/\/leko.service.th-nuernberg.de\/owl\/wp-content\/uploads\/bildschirmmitmausblau.png\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1500px) 100vw, 1500px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/leko.service.th-nuernberg.de\/owl\/wp-content\/uploads\/bildschirmmitmausblau.png 1500w, https:\/\/leko.service.th-nuernberg.de\/owl\/wp-content\/uploads\/bildschirmmitmausblau-1024x900.png 1024w, https:\/\/leko.service.th-nuernberg.de\/owl\/wp-content\/uploads\/bildschirmmitmausblau-1456x1280.png 1456w, https:\/\/leko.service.th-nuernberg.de\/owl\/wp-content\/uploads\/bildschirmmitmausblau-768x675.png 768w\" alt=\"\" width=\"1500\" height=\"1319\" \/><\/div>\n<h2>Regulations<\/h2>\n<\/div>\n<p>When citing online sources, you should follow these two rules:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><b>Understand the principle:<\/b> Readers must be able to classify the source and find it themselves based on your reference.<\/li>\n<li><b>Cite consistently:<\/b> Stick to the chosen citation style throughout your work.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>We recommend treating a website like a printed publication \u2013 that means providing the author(s), date, and title whenever possible, and using the web address instead of publisher and location.<\/p>\n<div class=\"zitat merksatz\">\n<div class=\"icon\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"attachment-large size-large\" src=\"https:\/\/leko.service.th-nuernberg.de\/owl\/wp-content\/uploads\/einausrufezeichenrot-1456x1280.png\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1456px) 100vw, 1456px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/leko.service.th-nuernberg.de\/owl\/wp-content\/uploads\/einausrufezeichenrot-1456x1280.png 1456w, https:\/\/leko.service.th-nuernberg.de\/owl\/wp-content\/uploads\/einausrufezeichenrot-1024x900.png 1024w, https:\/\/leko.service.th-nuernberg.de\/owl\/wp-content\/uploads\/einausrufezeichenrot-768x675.png 768w, https:\/\/leko.service.th-nuernberg.de\/owl\/wp-content\/uploads\/einausrufezeichenrot.png 1500w\" alt=\"\" width=\"1456\" height=\"1280\" \/><\/div>\n<div class=\"zitat_inner\"><cite class=\"text\">Since online documents and websites can change, you should also include the date when you last accessed the website.<\/cite><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p class=\"beispiel border\"><b>In the reference list, you list a website as follows:<br \/>\n<\/b> Last name, First name (DD.MM.YYYY): Title. If applicable, publishing institution. URL (retrieved on DD.MM.YY).<\/p>\n<div class=\"beispiel\">\n<div class=\"headline\">\n<div class=\"icon\"><\/div>\n<h3><b>Examples:<\/b><\/h3>\n<\/div>\n<p><b>In the reference list:<\/b><\/p>\n<p>B\u00f6hme, Stefan\/Unte, Pia\/Werner, Daniel (2009): Women in <abbr title=\"Science, Technology, Engineering, Mathematics\">STEM<\/abbr> professions in Bavaria. <abbr title=\"edited by\">Ed. by<\/abbr> Institute for Employment Research (Reports and analyses from the regional research network). http:\/\/doku.iab.de\/regional\/BY\/2009\/regional_by_0109.pdf (retrieved on 14.10.2024).<\/p>\n<p><b>Short citation in the text or in a footnote:<\/b><\/p>\n<p>B\u00f6hme <abbr title=\"and others\">et al.<\/abbr> 2009, p. 12<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p><b>Older recommendations<\/b> for citing online sources sometimes suggest listing them separately.<\/p>\n<div class=\"zitat merksatz\">\n<div class=\"icon\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"attachment-large size-large\" src=\"https:\/\/leko.service.th-nuernberg.de\/owl\/wp-content\/uploads\/einausrufezeichenlila-1456x1280.png\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1456px) 100vw, 1456px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/leko.service.th-nuernberg.de\/owl\/wp-content\/uploads\/einausrufezeichenlila-1456x1280.png 1456w, https:\/\/leko.service.th-nuernberg.de\/owl\/wp-content\/uploads\/einausrufezeichenlila-1024x900.png 1024w, https:\/\/leko.service.th-nuernberg.de\/owl\/wp-content\/uploads\/einausrufezeichenlila-768x675.png 768w, https:\/\/leko.service.th-nuernberg.de\/owl\/wp-content\/uploads\/einausrufezeichenlila.png 1500w\" alt=\"\" width=\"1456\" height=\"1280\" \/><\/div>\n<div class=\"zitat_inner\"><cite class=\"text\">We advise against this due to the increasing popularity of online sources.<\/cite><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>Similarly, the note \u201cOnline on the internet\u201d can be omitted \u2013 readers will recognize this from the web address.<\/p>\n<p>Websites have some <b>specific characteristics<\/b> compared to printed publications that can cause difficulties:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>The information is often incomplete, <abbr title=\"for example\">e.g.<\/abbr>, publication date, author(s), or page numbers may be missing.<\/li>\n<li>Websites are unstable, <abbr title=\"that is\">i.e.<\/abbr>, they can easily be deleted, changed, or moved.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<div id=\"unvollstndige-angaben\" class=\"headline has-icon\">\n<div class=\"icon\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"attachment-small size-small\" src=\"https:\/\/leko.service.th-nuernberg.de\/owl\/wp-content\/uploads\/klemmbretthellgruen.png\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1500px) 100vw, 1500px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/leko.service.th-nuernberg.de\/owl\/wp-content\/uploads\/klemmbretthellgruen.png 1500w, https:\/\/leko.service.th-nuernberg.de\/owl\/wp-content\/uploads\/klemmbretthellgruen-1024x900.png 1024w, https:\/\/leko.service.th-nuernberg.de\/owl\/wp-content\/uploads\/klemmbretthellgruen-1456x1280.png 1456w, https:\/\/leko.service.th-nuernberg.de\/owl\/wp-content\/uploads\/klemmbretthellgruen-768x675.png 768w\" alt=\"\" width=\"1500\" height=\"1319\" \/><\/div>\n<h2>Incomplete information<\/h2>\n<\/div>\n<p>Of course, you can only include what is given. However, if the information is incomplete, you should check whether this source really meets scientific standards. You might find a better source.<\/p>\n<p>If you decide to cite the source anyway, use the available information to ensure traceability:<\/p>\n<p class=\"beispiel border\"><b>If the date is missing<\/b>, use \u201c<abbr title=\"no date\">n.d.<\/abbr>\u201d for \u201cno date\u201d.<\/p>\n<div class=\"beispiel\">\n<div class=\"headline\">\n<div class=\"icon\"><\/div>\n<h3><b>Examples:<\/b><\/h3>\n<\/div>\n<p><b>In the reference list:<\/b><\/p>\n<p>wildwasser (<abbr title=\"no date\">n.d.<\/abbr>): Info and help: What is sexual abuse? https:\/\/www.wildwasser.de\/fragen-und-antworten\/was-ist-sexueller-missbrauch (retrieved on 14.10.2021).<\/p>\n<p><b>Short citation in the text or in a footnote:<\/b><\/p>\n<p>wildwasser <abbr title=\"no date\">n.d.<\/abbr><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p class=\"beispiel border\"><b>If the online source is an unusual format<\/b> \u2013 a blog post, a tweet, a YouTube video <abbr title=\"etcetera\">etc.<\/abbr> \u2013 include the format in square brackets after the title.<\/p>\n<div class=\"beispiel\">\n<div class=\"headline\">\n<div class=\"icon\"><\/div>\n<h3><b>Examples:<\/b><\/h3>\n<\/div>\n<p><b>In the reference list:<\/b><\/p>\n<p>Freakonomics (29.10.2010): E-ZPass is a life-saver (literally) [Blog post]. http:\/\/www.freakonomics.com\/2010\/10\/29\/e-zpass-is-a-life-saver-literally (retrieved on 14.10.2021).<\/p>\n<p><b>Short citation in the text or in a footnote:<\/b><\/p>\n<p>Freakonomics 29.10.2010<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"unbestndigkeit-von-internetadressen\" class=\"headline has-icon\">\n<div class=\"icon\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"attachment-small size-small\" src=\"https:\/\/leko.service.th-nuernberg.de\/owl\/wp-content\/uploads\/weltkugelrot.png\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1500px) 100vw, 1500px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/leko.service.th-nuernberg.de\/owl\/wp-content\/uploads\/weltkugelrot.png 1500w, https:\/\/leko.service.th-nuernberg.de\/owl\/wp-content\/uploads\/weltkugelrot-1024x900.png 1024w, https:\/\/leko.service.th-nuernberg.de\/owl\/wp-content\/uploads\/weltkugelrot-1456x1280.png 1456w, https:\/\/leko.service.th-nuernberg.de\/owl\/wp-content\/uploads\/weltkugelrot-768x675.png 768w\" alt=\"\" width=\"1500\" height=\"1319\" \/><\/div>\n<h2>Instability of web addresses<\/h2>\n<\/div>\n<p>Here today, gone tomorrow \u2013 online sources can easily be moved or deleted. This characteristic of online sources conflicts with the requirement for scientific sources: ensuring traceability.<\/p>\n<p>This does not mean that you must never cite from the internet, but you should consider the following <b>tips<\/b>:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Check whether you can find an equivalent printed source.<\/li>\n<li>Choose online sources from reputable publishers, such as <abbr title=\"for example\">e.g.<\/abbr>, universities, academic journals, or ministries. This does not guarantee the source will still be online tomorrow, but it increases the probability.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<div class=\"zitat merksatz\">\n<div class=\"icon\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"attachment-large size-large\" src=\"https:\/\/leko.service.th-nuernberg.de\/owl\/wp-content\/uploads\/einausrufezeichenblau-1456x1280.png\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1456px) 100vw, 1456px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/leko.service.th-nuernberg.de\/owl\/wp-content\/uploads\/einausrufezeichenblau-1456x1280.png 1456w, https:\/\/leko.service.th-nuernberg.de\/owl\/wp-content\/uploads\/einausrufezeichenblau-1024x900.png 1024w, https:\/\/leko.service.th-nuernberg.de\/owl\/wp-content\/uploads\/einausrufezeichenblau-768x675.png 768w, https:\/\/leko.service.th-nuernberg.de\/owl\/wp-content\/uploads\/einausrufezeichenblau.png 1500w\" alt=\"\" width=\"1456\" height=\"1280\" \/><\/div>\n<div class=\"zitat_inner\"><cite class=\"text\">If a date of last change or update is available, include it.<\/cite><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"beispiel\">\n<div class=\"headline\">\n<div class=\"icon\"><\/div>\n<h3><b>Examples:<\/b><\/h3>\n<\/div>\n<p><b>In the reference list:<\/b><\/p>\n<p>Media Education Research Association Southwest [<abbr title=\"Media Education Research Association Southwest\">MFPS<\/abbr>] (<abbr title=\"editor\">Ed.<\/abbr>) (2011): JIM Study 2011. Youth, Information, (Multi-) Media. Basic study on media usage of 12- to 19-year-olds. Stuttgart. https:\/\/www.mpfs.de\/fileadmin\/files\/Studien\/JIM\/2011\/JIM_Studie_2011.pdf (last updated on 10.11.2011, retrieved on 14.10.2021).<\/p>\n<p><b>Short citation in the text or in a footnote:<\/b><\/p>\n<p><abbr title=\"Media Education Research Association Southwest\">MFPS<\/abbr> 2011<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"zitat merksatz\">\n<div class=\"icon\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"attachment-large size-large\" src=\"https:\/\/leko.service.th-nuernberg.de\/owl\/wp-content\/uploads\/einausrufezeichengruen-1456x1280.png\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1456px) 100vw, 1456px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/leko.service.th-nuernberg.de\/owl\/wp-content\/uploads\/einausrufezeichengruen-1456x1280.png 1456w, https:\/\/leko.service.th-nuernberg.de\/owl\/wp-content\/uploads\/einausrufezeichengruen-1024x900.png 1024w, https:\/\/leko.service.th-nuernberg.de\/owl\/wp-content\/uploads\/einausrufezeichengruen-768x675.png 768w, https:\/\/leko.service.th-nuernberg.de\/owl\/wp-content\/uploads\/einausrufezeichengruen.png 1500w\" alt=\"\" width=\"1456\" height=\"1280\" \/><\/div>\n<div class=\"zitat_inner\"><cite class=\"text\">Discuss with your supervisor whether you should archive the cited websites, <abbr title=\"for example\">e.g.<\/abbr>, by printing or saving them on a data carrier that you include with your work.<\/cite><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>Usually, however, this is not necessary.<\/p>\n<p class=\"beispiel border\"><b>Literature:<\/b> APA Style (2010): How do you cite website material that has no author, no year, and no page numbers? http:\/\/www.apastyle.org\/learn\/faqs\/cite-website-material.aspx (retrieved on 14.10.2021).<\/p>\n<p class=\"beispiel border\"><b>Literature:<\/b> Bleuel, Jens (2001): Citing online sources. In: Hug, Theo (Ed.): How does science acquire knowledge? Volume 1: Introduction to academic work. Hohengehren: Schneider. http:\/\/www.bleuel.com\/ip-zit.pdf (retrieved on 14.10.2021).<\/p>\n<div id=\"hufig-gestellte-fragen\" class=\"headline has-icon\">\n<div class=\"icon\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"attachment-small size-small\" src=\"https:\/\/leko.service.th-nuernberg.de\/owl\/wp-content\/uploads\/zweifragezeichenrot.png\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1500px) 100vw, 1500px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/leko.service.th-nuernberg.de\/owl\/wp-content\/uploads\/zweifragezeichenrot.png 1500w, https:\/\/leko.service.th-nuernberg.de\/owl\/wp-content\/uploads\/zweifragezeichenrot-1024x900.png 1024w, https:\/\/leko.service.th-nuernberg.de\/owl\/wp-content\/uploads\/zweifragezeichenrot-1456x1280.png 1456w, https:\/\/leko.service.th-nuernberg.de\/owl\/wp-content\/uploads\/zweifragezeichenrot-768x675.png 768w\" alt=\"\" width=\"1500\" height=\"1319\" \/><\/div>\n<h2>Frequently asked questions<\/h2>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"faq_wrapper\">\n<h3 class=\"faq question\">How do I cite online books?<\/h3>\n<p class=\"faq answer\">The scheme is the same as for journals and other online sources:<br \/>\nLast name, First name (Year): Title. Place of publication: Publisher. URL (retrieved on DD.MM.YY).<\/p>\n<h3 class=\"faq question\">When are online sources citable?<\/h3>\n<p class=\"faq answer\">Be aware of the weaknesses of online sources and consider for what purpose you want to cite them. If it is still the best source, you can certainly cite online sources. The name of an author (or several) or an organization and a date should be available as minimum information.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Regulations When citing online sources, you should follow these two rules: Understand the principle: Readers must be able to classify the source and find it themselves based on your reference. Cite consistently: Stick to the chosen citation style throughout your work. We recommend treating a website like a printed publication \u2013 that means providing the \u2026<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":17,"featured_media":5328,"menu_order":42,"template":"","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_coblocks_attr":"","_coblocks_dimensions":"","_coblocks_responsive_height":"","_coblocks_accordion_ie_support":"","_uag_custom_page_level_css":"","site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"default","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","ast-disable-related-posts":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"default","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"set","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"ast-content-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"footnotes":""},"artikel_category":[1351],"artikel_post_tag":[1580,1356,1260,1266,1912,1578,1955],"fakultaet":[1232,1332,1236,1240,1269,1272,1340,1242,1336,1231,1275,1234,1246],"arbeitsart":[1310,1251],"class_list":["post-8035","artikel","type-artikel","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","artikel_category-citing-layout","artikel_post_tag-citation-guidelines","artikel_post_tag-citation-style-en","artikel_post_tag-literature","artikel_post_tag-quotation","artikel_post_tag-quotes","artikel_post_tag-sources","artikel_post_tag-websites","fakultaet-ac-en","fakultaet-amp-en","fakultaet-ar-en","fakultaet-bi-en","fakultaet-bw-en","fakultaet-d-en","fakultaet-efi-en","fakultaet-in-en","fakultaet-mb-vs-en","fakultaet-soh","fakultaet-sw","fakultaet-vt","fakultaet-wt","arbeitsart-hausarbeit-en","arbeitsart-masterarbeit-en"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.9 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Citing Online Documents - Online Writing Lab<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/leko.service.th-nuernberg.de\/owl\/en\/artikel\/citing-online-documents\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"de_DE\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Citing Online Documents - Online Writing Lab\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Regulations When citing online sources, you should follow these two rules: Understand the principle: Readers must be able to classify the source and find it themselves based on your reference. 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