{"id":8064,"date":"2025-08-25T15:08:47","date_gmt":"2025-08-25T13:08:47","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/leko.service.th-nuernberg.de\/owl\/?post_type=artikel&#038;p=8064"},"modified":"2025-11-24T15:06:36","modified_gmt":"2025-11-24T14:06:36","slug":"language-and-style-in-engineering-sciences","status":"publish","type":"artikel","link":"https:\/\/leko.service.th-nuernberg.de\/owl\/en\/artikel\/language-and-style-in-engineering-sciences\/","title":{"rendered":"Language and Style in Engineering Sciences"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><b>To ensure that readers understand your engineering text as intended, it should have the following characteristics:<\/b><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Impersonal writing style<\/li>\n<li>Objective formulations<\/li>\n<li>Proven content<\/li>\n<li>Neutral expression<\/li>\n<li>Precise and unambiguous<\/li>\n<li>Short and concise<\/li>\n<li>Formal writing style<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<div class=\"zitat merksatz\">\n<div class=\"icon\">\n    <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"attachment-large size-large\" src=\"https:\/\/leko.service.th-nuernberg.de\/owl\/wp-content\/uploads\/einausrufezeichengruen-1456x1280.png\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1456px) 100vw, 1456px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/leko.service.th-nuernberg.de\/owl\/wp-content\/uploads\/einausrufezeichengruen-1456x1280.png 1456w, https:\/\/leko.service.th-nuernberg.de\/owl\/wp-content\/uploads\/einausrufezeichengruen-1024x900.png 1024w, https:\/\/leko.service.th-nuernberg.de\/owl\/wp-content\/uploads\/einausrufezeichengruen-768x675.png 768w, https:\/\/leko.service.th-nuernberg.de\/owl\/wp-content\/uploads\/einausrufezeichengruen.png 1500w\" alt=\"\" width=\"1456\" height=\"1280\" \/>\n  <\/div>\n<div class=\"zitat_inner\">\n    <cite class=\"text\">That\u2019s easier said than done \u2013 but writing is a craft, and with some practice, it can be learned.<\/cite>\n  <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"schreibe-unpersnlich\" class=\"headline has-icon\">\n<div class=\"icon\">\n    <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"attachment-small size-small\" src=\"https:\/\/leko.service.th-nuernberg.de\/owl\/wp-content\/uploads\/bildschirmmitplaygelb.png\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1500px) 100vw, 1500px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/leko.service.th-nuernberg.de\/owl\/wp-content\/uploads\/bildschirmmitplaygelb.png 1500w, https:\/\/leko.service.th-nuernberg.de\/owl\/wp-content\/uploads\/bildschirmmitplaygelb-1024x900.png 1024w, https:\/\/leko.service.th-nuernberg.de\/owl\/wp-content\/uploads\/bildschirmmitplaygelb-1456x1280.png 1456w, https:\/\/leko.service.th-nuernberg.de\/owl\/wp-content\/uploads\/bildschirmmitplaygelb-768x675.png 768w\" alt=\"\" width=\"1500\" height=\"1319\" \/>\n  <\/div>\n<h2>Write impersonally<\/h2>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"zitat merksatz\">\n<div class=\"icon\">\n    <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"attachment-large size-large\" src=\"https:\/\/leko.service.th-nuernberg.de\/owl\/wp-content\/uploads\/einausrufezeichenlila-1456x1280.png\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1456px) 100vw, 1456px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/leko.service.th-nuernberg.de\/owl\/wp-content\/uploads\/einausrufezeichenlila-1456x1280.png 1456w, https:\/\/leko.service.th-nuernberg.de\/owl\/wp-content\/uploads\/einausrufezeichenlila-1024x900.png 1024w, https:\/\/leko.service.th-nuernberg.de\/owl\/wp-content\/uploads\/einausrufezeichenlila-768x675.png 768w, https:\/\/leko.service.th-nuernberg.de\/owl\/wp-content\/uploads\/einausrufezeichenlila.png 1500w\" alt=\"\" width=\"1456\" height=\"1280\" \/>\n  <\/div>\n<div class=\"zitat_inner\">\n    <cite class=\"text\">In engineering, the personal pronoun \u201cI\u201d or the expression \u201cin my opinion\u201d usually appears unscientific.<\/cite>\n  <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>Avoid including readers in the text through the first-person plural \u201cwe\u201d or addressing them with rhetorical questions.<br \/>\nThe impersonal pronoun \u201cone\u201d is not an alternative, as it formulates a generalization.<br \/>\nUse \u201cone\u201d only when you can truly make a general statement, <abbr title=\"for example\">e.g.<\/abbr> \u201cOne distinguishes \u2026\u201d.<\/p>\n<div class=\"beispiel\">\n<div class=\"headline\">\n<div class=\"icon\"><\/div>\n<h3>Example:<\/h3>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<p>  <b>Negative example:<\/b> \u201cAfter I had completed the calculation, I had to present it to my team members to ensure that I had considered everything.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>  <b>The pronoun \u201cI\u201d should be avoided in engineering texts. Often, passive formulations are more suitable:<\/b><\/p>\n<p>  \u201cAfter the calculation was completed, it was discussed within the team to ensure that all essential aspects were taken into account.\u201d\n<\/p><\/div>\n<div id=\"formuliere-sachbezogen\" class=\"headline has-icon\">\n<div class=\"icon\">\n    <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"attachment-small size-small\" src=\"https:\/\/leko.service.th-nuernberg.de\/owl\/wp-content\/uploads\/kompasshellrot.png\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1500px) 100vw, 1500px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/leko.service.th-nuernberg.de\/owl\/wp-content\/uploads\/kompasshellrot.png 1500w, https:\/\/leko.service.th-nuernberg.de\/owl\/wp-content\/uploads\/kompasshellrot-1024x900.png 1024w, https:\/\/leko.service.th-nuernberg.de\/owl\/wp-content\/uploads\/kompasshellrot-1456x1280.png 1456w, https:\/\/leko.service.th-nuernberg.de\/owl\/wp-content\/uploads\/kompasshellrot-768x675.png 768w\" alt=\"\" width=\"1500\" height=\"1319\" \/>\n  <\/div>\n<h2>Formulate objectively<\/h2>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"zitat merksatz\">\n<div class=\"icon\">\n    <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"attachment-large size-large\" src=\"https:\/\/leko.service.th-nuernberg.de\/owl\/wp-content\/uploads\/einausrufezeichenblau-1456x1280.png\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1456px) 100vw, 1456px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/leko.service.th-nuernberg.de\/owl\/wp-content\/uploads\/einausrufezeichenblau-1456x1280.png 1456w, https:\/\/leko.service.th-nuernberg.de\/owl\/wp-content\/uploads\/einausrufezeichenblau-1024x900.png 1024w, https:\/\/leko.service.th-nuernberg.de\/owl\/wp-content\/uploads\/einausrufezeichenblau-768x675.png 768w, https:\/\/leko.service.th-nuernberg.de\/owl\/wp-content\/uploads\/einausrufezeichenblau.png 1500w\" alt=\"\" width=\"1456\" height=\"1280\" \/>\n  <\/div>\n<div class=\"zitat_inner\">\n    <cite class=\"text\">Always write only about the content that is relevant to the text at that specific point.<\/cite>\n  <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"belege-deine-aussagen\" class=\"headline has-icon\">\n<div class=\"icon\">\n    <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"attachment-small size-small\" src=\"https:\/\/leko.service.th-nuernberg.de\/owl\/wp-content\/uploads\/einfragezeichenlila.png\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1500px) 100vw, 1500px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/leko.service.th-nuernberg.de\/owl\/wp-content\/uploads\/einfragezeichenlila.png 1500w, https:\/\/leko.service.th-nuernberg.de\/owl\/wp-content\/uploads\/einfragezeichenlila-1024x900.png 1024w, https:\/\/leko.service.th-nuernberg.de\/owl\/wp-content\/uploads\/einfragezeichenlila-1456x1280.png 1456w, https:\/\/leko.service.th-nuernberg.de\/owl\/wp-content\/uploads\/einfragezeichenlila-768x675.png 768w\" alt=\"\" width=\"1500\" height=\"1319\" \/>\n  <\/div>\n<h2>Prove your statements<\/h2>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"zitat merksatz\">\n<div class=\"icon\">\n    <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"attachment-large size-large\" src=\"https:\/\/leko.service.th-nuernberg.de\/owl\/wp-content\/uploads\/einausrufezeichengelb-1456x1280.png\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1456px) 100vw, 1456px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/leko.service.th-nuernberg.de\/owl\/wp-content\/uploads\/einausrufezeichengelb-1456x1280.png 1456w, https:\/\/leko.service.th-nuernberg.de\/owl\/wp-content\/uploads\/einausrufezeichengelb-1024x900.png 1024w, https:\/\/leko.service.th-nuernberg.de\/owl\/wp-content\/uploads\/einausrufezeichengelb-768x675.png 768w, https:\/\/leko.service.th-nuernberg.de\/owl\/wp-content\/uploads\/einausrufezeichengelb.png 1500w\" alt=\"\" width=\"1456\" height=\"1280\" \/>\n  <\/div>\n<div class=\"zitat_inner\">\n    <cite class=\"text\">Present findings that are verifiable and can be proven.<\/cite>\n  <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>Do not make assumptions. Claims must be identified as such.<\/p>\n<div class=\"beispiel\">\n<div class=\"headline\">\n<div class=\"icon\"><\/div>\n<h3>Example:<\/h3>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<p>  <b>Negative example:<\/b> \u201cHowever, the damping term is probably smaller than the frictional forces and can therefore be neglected in the model.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>  <b>Provide proof instead of assuming:<\/b><\/p>\n<p>  \u201cAccording to [<abbr title=\"any placeholder\">XY<\/abbr>], the damping term is smaller than the frictional forces and can therefore be neglected in the model.\u201d\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"drcke-dich-neutral-aus\" class=\"headline has-icon\">\n<div class=\"icon\">\n    <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"attachment-small size-small\" src=\"https:\/\/leko.service.th-nuernberg.de\/owl\/wp-content\/uploads\/bildschirmmitwiederholenpfeilblau.png\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1500px) 100vw, 1500px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/leko.service.th-nuernberg.de\/owl\/wp-content\/uploads\/bildschirmmitwiederholenpfeilblau.png 1500w, https:\/\/leko.service.th-nuernberg.de\/owl\/wp-content\/uploads\/bildschirmmitwiederholenpfeilblau-1024x900.png 1024w, https:\/\/leko.service.th-nuernberg.de\/owl\/wp-content\/uploads\/bildschirmmitwiederholenpfeilblau-1456x1280.png 1456w, https:\/\/leko.service.th-nuernberg.de\/owl\/wp-content\/uploads\/bildschirmmitwiederholenpfeilblau-768x675.png 768w\" alt=\"\" width=\"1500\" height=\"1319\" \/>\n  <\/div>\n<h2>Express yourself neutrally<\/h2>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"zitat merksatz\">\n<div class=\"icon\">\n    <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"attachment-large size-large\" src=\"https:\/\/leko.service.th-nuernberg.de\/owl\/wp-content\/uploads\/einausrufezeichengruen-1456x1280.png\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1456px) 100vw, 1456px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/leko.service.th-nuernberg.de\/owl\/wp-content\/uploads\/einausrufezeichengruen-1456x1280.png 1456w, https:\/\/leko.service.th-nuernberg.de\/owl\/wp-content\/uploads\/einausrufezeichengruen-1024x900.png 1024w, https:\/\/leko.service.th-nuernberg.de\/owl\/wp-content\/uploads\/einausrufezeichengruen-768x675.png 768w, https:\/\/leko.service.th-nuernberg.de\/owl\/wp-content\/uploads\/einausrufezeichengruen.png 1500w\" alt=\"\" width=\"1456\" height=\"1280\" \/>\n  <\/div>\n<div class=\"zitat_inner\">\n    <cite class=\"text\">Avoid judgmental formulations and write in a neutral manner.<\/cite>\n  <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>If you make an evaluation, it must be done explicitly and in an appropriate place, <abbr title=\"for example\">e.g.<\/abbr> \u201cProcedure <abbr title=\"any placeholder\">XY<\/abbr> is not suitable for this requirement because \u2026\u201d<\/p>\n<div class=\"beispiel\">\n<div class=\"headline\">\n<div class=\"icon\"><\/div>\n<h3>Example:<\/h3>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<p>  <b>Negative example:<\/b> \u201cA second reasonable approach is to assume a line contact between the guide pin and the contour.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>  <b>The adjective \u201creasonable\u201d is vague and judgmental. Overall, the sentence is unnecessarily long and complicated. Convey the important information in the main clause:<\/b><\/p>\n<p>  \u201cA second approach assumes a line contact between the guide pin and the contour.\u201d\n<\/p><\/div>\n<div id=\"bleib-przise-und-eindeutig\" class=\"headline has-icon\">\n<div class=\"icon\">\n    <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"attachment-small size-small\" src=\"https:\/\/leko.service.th-nuernberg.de\/owl\/wp-content\/uploads\/blattvonblockrot.png\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1500px) 100vw, 1500px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/leko.service.th-nuernberg.de\/owl\/wp-content\/uploads\/blattvonblockrot.png 1500w, https:\/\/leko.service.th-nuernberg.de\/owl\/wp-content\/uploads\/blattvonblockrot-1024x900.png 1024w, https:\/\/leko.service.th-nuernberg.de\/owl\/wp-content\/uploads\/blattvonblockrot-1456x1280.png 1456w, https:\/\/leko.service.th-nuernberg.de\/owl\/wp-content\/uploads\/blattvonblockrot-768x675.png 768w\" alt=\"\" width=\"1500\" height=\"1319\" \/>\n  <\/div>\n<h2>Be precise and unambiguous<\/h2>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"zitat merksatz\">\n<div class=\"icon\">\n    <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"attachment-large size-large\" src=\"https:\/\/leko.service.th-nuernberg.de\/owl\/wp-content\/uploads\/einausrufezeichenlila-1456x1280.png\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1456px) 100vw, 1456px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/leko.service.th-nuernberg.de\/owl\/wp-content\/uploads\/einausrufezeichenlila-1456x1280.png 1456w, https:\/\/leko.service.th-nuernberg.de\/owl\/wp-content\/uploads\/einausrufezeichenlila-1024x900.png 1024w, https:\/\/leko.service.th-nuernberg.de\/owl\/wp-content\/uploads\/einausrufezeichenlila-768x675.png 768w, https:\/\/leko.service.th-nuernberg.de\/owl\/wp-content\/uploads\/einausrufezeichenlila.png 1500w\" alt=\"\" width=\"1456\" height=\"1280\" \/>\n  <\/div>\n<div class=\"zitat_inner\">\n    <cite class=\"text\">Avoid long paraphrases when you can express what you mean with a single technical term.<\/cite>\n  <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>Even though clear language is required, remember that you are writing for a professional audience. In your future career, you may also write texts for experts (<abbr title=\"for example\">e.g.<\/abbr> reports) that do not need to be understood by laypersons. However, technical terms should be introduced and defined when they are not self-explanatory.<\/p>\n<div class=\"beispiel\">\n<div class=\"headline\">\n<div class=\"icon\"><\/div>\n<h3>Example 1:<\/h3>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<p>  <b>Negative example:<\/b> \u201cIn our last measurement, a disturbance occurred that distorted the signal so strongly that we could no longer evaluate it.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>  <b>\u2018Distort\u2019 or \u2018disturb\u2019 are vague expressions. Specify the actual cause:<\/b><\/p>\n<p>  \u201cDuring the last measurement, aliasing occurred due to a sampling frequency that was too low.\u201d\n<\/p><\/div>\n<div class=\"beispiel\">\n<div class=\"headline\">\n<div class=\"icon\"><\/div>\n<h3>Example 2:<\/h3>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<p>  <b>Negative example:<\/b> \u201cThe distances calculated from the transit times of the ultrasound recordings in A-mode match the measured distances quite closely; however, there are still deviations, but these are in the micrometer range.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>  <b>The phrase \u2018quite closely\u2019 is imprecise and unscientific. Quantitative statements are often preferable to qualitative ones. The second clause about deviations in the micrometer range is trivial for scientific writing and unnecessary here. A better version would be:<\/b><\/p>\n<p>  \u201cThe distances calculated from the transit times of the ultrasound recordings in A-mode deviate by no more than 4 % from those measured with the caliper.\u201d\n<\/p><\/div>\n<div class=\"beispiel\">\n<div class=\"headline\">\n<div class=\"icon\"><\/div>\n<h3>Example 3:<\/h3>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<p>  <b>Negative example:<\/b> \u201cTo determine whether a system of equations <abbr title=\"coefficient matrix\">A<\/abbr>\u00b7<abbr title=\"solution vector (unknowns)\">x<\/abbr> = <abbr title=\"result vector\">b<\/abbr><br \/>\n  (where <abbr title=\"coefficient matrix\">A<\/abbr> is an (<abbr title=\"square matrix with n rows and n columns\">nxn<\/abbr>) matrix) has exactly one solution <abbr title=\"solution vector (unknowns)\">x<\/abbr> for each <abbr title=\"result vector\">b<\/abbr>, one must determine the determinant. If this is not equal to zero, then there is exactly one <abbr title=\"solution vector (unknowns)\">x<\/abbr> for each <abbr title=\"result vector\">b<\/abbr> such that <abbr title=\"coefficient matrix\">A<\/abbr>\u00b7<abbr title=\"solution vector (unknowns)\">x<\/abbr> = <abbr title=\"result vector\">b<\/abbr> holds.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>  <b>In mathematical or physical contexts, formulas are often more precise than full sentences:<\/b><\/p>\n<p>  \u201cThe (<abbr title=\"square matrix with n rows and n columns\">nxn<\/abbr>) system of equations <abbr title=\"coefficient matrix\">A<\/abbr>\u00b7<abbr title=\"solution vector (unknowns)\">x<\/abbr> = <abbr title=\"result vector\">b<\/abbr> is uniquely solvable if and only if <abbr title=\"determinant\">det<\/abbr>(<abbr title=\"coefficient matrix\">A<\/abbr>) \u2260 0.\u201d\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"schreibe-kurz-und-prgnant\" class=\"headline has-icon\">\n<div class=\"icon\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"attachment-small size-small\" src=\"https:\/\/leko.service.th-nuernberg.de\/owl\/wp-content\/uploads\/handmitstiftgelb.png\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1500px) 100vw, 1500px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/leko.service.th-nuernberg.de\/owl\/wp-content\/uploads\/handmitstiftgelb.png 1500w, https:\/\/leko.service.th-nuernberg.de\/owl\/wp-content\/uploads\/handmitstiftgelb-1024x900.png 1024w, https:\/\/leko.service.th-nuernberg.de\/owl\/wp-content\/uploads\/handmitstiftgelb-1456x1280.png 1456w, https:\/\/leko.service.th-nuernberg.de\/owl\/wp-content\/uploads\/handmitstiftgelb-768x675.png 768w\" alt=\"\" width=\"1500\" height=\"1319\" \/><\/div>\n<h2>Write concisely and precisely<\/h2>\n<\/div>\n<p>Scientific texts are working documents that should be easy to understand. Therefore, phrase your sentences as briefly and clearly as possible.<\/p>\n<div class=\"zitat merksatz\">\n<div class=\"icon\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"attachment-large size-large\" src=\"https:\/\/leko.service.th-nuernberg.de\/owl\/wp-content\/uploads\/einausrufezeichenrot-1456x1280.png\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1456px) 100vw, 1456px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/leko.service.th-nuernberg.de\/owl\/wp-content\/uploads\/einausrufezeichenrot-1456x1280.png 1456w, https:\/\/leko.service.th-nuernberg.de\/owl\/wp-content\/uploads\/einausrufezeichenrot-1024x900.png 1024w, https:\/\/leko.service.th-nuernberg.de\/owl\/wp-content\/uploads\/einausrufezeichenrot-768x675.png 768w, https:\/\/leko.service.th-nuernberg.de\/owl\/wp-content\/uploads\/einausrufezeichenrot.png 1500w\" alt=\"\" width=\"1456\" height=\"1280\" \/><\/div>\n<div class=\"zitat_inner\"><cite class=\"text\">Do not hide your statements behind unnecessarily complicated words and phrases.<\/cite><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>Obvious facts should not be stated: A fact is considered self-evident if it is known \u2013 or should be known \u2013 to most graduates of your study program.<\/p>\n<div class=\"beispiel\">\n<div class=\"headline\">\n<div class=\"icon\"><\/div>\n<h3>Example 1:<\/h3>\n<\/div>\n<p><b>Negative example:<\/b> \u201cThe number of required state variables results from the number of degrees of freedom and possibly other quantities which cannot be directly calculated for each computation step. In the subsequent, the individual components are analyzed with regard to their degrees of freedom, where a degree of freedom is generally defined as an independent generalized coordinate.\u201d<\/p>\n<p><b>The definition belongs at the beginning. Delete filler words such as \u201crequired\u201d, \u201cpossibly other\u201d, \u201cdirectly\u201d, or \u201cgenerally\u201d. Use simpler expressions like \u201cthat\u201d instead of \u201cwhich\u201d and \u201cIn the following\u201d instead of \u201cIn the subsequent\u201d. Write short sentences instead of attaching the important definition in a subordinate clause. Better like this:<\/b><\/p>\n<p>\u201cA degree of freedom is an independent generalized coordinate. The number of degrees of freedom determines the number of state variables. In addition, there are quantities that cannot be calculated for each computation step. In the following, the degrees of freedom of the individual components are analyzed.\u201d<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"beispiel\">\n<div class=\"headline\">\n<div class=\"icon\"><\/div>\n<h3>Example 2:<\/h3>\n<\/div>\n<p><b>Negative example:<\/b> \u201cThe components are connected to the semiconductor relays and the Arduino board via wiring connections.\u201d<\/p>\n<p><b>This sentence is redundant. It is obvious that the components are connected by \u201cwiring connections\u201d, that is, by cables.<\/b><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"nutze-eine-formale-sprache\" class=\"headline has-icon\">\n<div class=\"icon\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"attachment-small size-small\" src=\"https:\/\/leko.service.th-nuernberg.de\/owl\/wp-content\/uploads\/blattmitzeilenundhakengruen.png\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1500px) 100vw, 1500px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/leko.service.th-nuernberg.de\/owl\/wp-content\/uploads\/blattmitzeilenundhakengruen.png 1500w, https:\/\/leko.service.th-nuernberg.de\/owl\/wp-content\/uploads\/blattmitzeilenundhakengruen-1024x900.png 1024w, https:\/\/leko.service.th-nuernberg.de\/owl\/wp-content\/uploads\/blattmitzeilenundhakengruen-1456x1280.png 1456w, https:\/\/leko.service.th-nuernberg.de\/owl\/wp-content\/uploads\/blattmitzeilenundhakengruen-768x675.png 768w\" alt=\"\" width=\"1500\" height=\"1319\" \/><\/div>\n<h2>Use formal language<\/h2>\n<\/div>\n<p>Writing scientifically requires a certain level of formality.<\/p>\n<div class=\"zitat merksatz\">\n<div class=\"icon\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"attachment-large size-large\" src=\"https:\/\/leko.service.th-nuernberg.de\/owl\/wp-content\/uploads\/einausrufezeichenblau-1456x1280.png\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1456px) 100vw, 1456px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/leko.service.th-nuernberg.de\/owl\/wp-content\/uploads\/einausrufezeichenblau-1456x1280.png 1456w, https:\/\/leko.service.th-nuernberg.de\/owl\/wp-content\/uploads\/einausrufezeichenblau-1024x900.png 1024w, https:\/\/leko.service.th-nuernberg.de\/owl\/wp-content\/uploads\/einausrufezeichenblau-768x675.png 768w, https:\/\/leko.service.th-nuernberg.de\/owl\/wp-content\/uploads\/einausrufezeichenblau.png 1500w\" alt=\"\" width=\"1456\" height=\"1280\" \/><\/div>\n<div class=\"zitat_inner\"><cite class=\"text\">Avoid colloquial language, jargon, and advertising language. However, also avoid an overly formal tone.<\/cite><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"beispiel\">\n<div class=\"headline\">\n<div class=\"icon\"><\/div>\n<h3>Example 1:<\/h3>\n<\/div>\n<p><b>Negative example:<\/b> \u201cThe study was partly conducted using the <abbr title=\"Planning Transport Traffic (software)\">PTS<\/abbr> Visum: \u2018The <abbr title=\"Planning Transport Traffic (software)\">PTS<\/abbr> Visum is the world\u2019s leading software for traffic analysis, traffic forecasts, and <abbr title=\"Geographic Information System\">GIS<\/abbr>-based data management. It consistently represents all traffic participants and their interactions and is considered the standard for any traffic planning issue. Sales engineers use <abbr title=\"Planning Transport Traffic (software)\">PTS<\/abbr> Visum for modeling traffic networks and demand, as well as for analyzing expected traffic flows, for public transport planning, and for developing sophisticated traffic strategies and solutions.\u2019\u201d<\/p>\n<p><b>Summarize the essentials in your own objective words instead of reproducing long (direct or indirect) quotes from the manufacturer\u2019s promotional text:<\/b><\/p>\n<p>\u201cThe study was partly conducted using <abbr title=\"Planning Transport Traffic (software)\">PTS<\/abbr> Visum. <abbr title=\"Planning Transport Traffic (software)\">PTS<\/abbr> Visum is standard software for traffic analysis, traffic forecasts, and <abbr title=\"Geographic Information System\">GIS<\/abbr>-based data management. It represents traffic participants and interactions and can therefore be used, among other things, for modeling traffic networks.\u201d<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"beispiel\">\n<div class=\"headline\">\n<div class=\"icon\"><\/div>\n<h3>Example 2:<\/h3>\n<\/div>\n<p><b>Negative example:<\/b> \u201cA high energy concentration exists in the focal spot.\u201d<\/p>\n<p><b>Use the correct technical terminology:<\/b><\/p>\n<p>\u201cThere is a high radiation intensity in the focal spot.\u201d<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"beispiel\">\n<div class=\"headline\">\n<div class=\"icon\"><\/div>\n<h3>Example 3:<\/h3>\n<\/div>\n<p><b>Negative example:<\/b> \u201cThe methods of material analysis included providing proof of compliance with the requirements for the new developments.\u201d<\/p>\n<p><b>Formal does not mean unnecessarily complicated. Do not use nominalizations more than necessary \u2013 they often make the text harder to understand: <abbr title=\"for example\">e.g.<\/abbr> \u2018had to be proven\u2019 instead of \u2018included providing proof of compliance\u2019:<\/b><\/p>\n<p>\u201cWith the methods of material analysis, it had to be proven that the new developments met the requirements.\u201d<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"zitat merksatz\">\n<div class=\"icon\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"attachment-large size-large\" src=\"https:\/\/leko.service.th-nuernberg.de\/owl\/wp-content\/uploads\/einausrufezeichenrot-1456x1280.png\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1456px) 100vw, 1456px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/leko.service.th-nuernberg.de\/owl\/wp-content\/uploads\/einausrufezeichenrot-1456x1280.png 1456w, https:\/\/leko.service.th-nuernberg.de\/owl\/wp-content\/uploads\/einausrufezeichenrot-1024x900.png 1024w, https:\/\/leko.service.th-nuernberg.de\/owl\/wp-content\/uploads\/einausrufezeichenrot-768x675.png 768w, https:\/\/leko.service.th-nuernberg.de\/owl\/wp-content\/uploads\/einausrufezeichenrot.png 1500w\" alt=\"\" width=\"1456\" height=\"1280\" \/><\/div>\n<div class=\"zitat_inner\"><cite class=\"text\">Formal also means that spelling and punctuation are correct. A large number of spelling or punctuation mistakes leads to a downgrade of the paper.<\/cite><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p class=\"beispiel border\">Use spell-checking software, carefully proofread your paper yourself, and, if possible, have it reviewed by several people before submission, <abbr title=\"for example\">e.g.<\/abbr> by fellow students or friends.<\/p>\n<div class=\"zitat merksatz\">\n<div class=\"icon\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"attachment-large size-large\" src=\"https:\/\/leko.service.th-nuernberg.de\/owl\/wp-content\/uploads\/einausrufezeichengelb-1456x1280.png\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1456px) 100vw, 1456px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/leko.service.th-nuernberg.de\/owl\/wp-content\/uploads\/einausrufezeichengelb-1456x1280.png 1456w, https:\/\/leko.service.th-nuernberg.de\/owl\/wp-content\/uploads\/einausrufezeichengelb-1024x900.png 1024w, https:\/\/leko.service.th-nuernberg.de\/owl\/wp-content\/uploads\/einausrufezeichengelb-768x675.png 768w, https:\/\/leko.service.th-nuernberg.de\/owl\/wp-content\/uploads\/einausrufezeichengelb.png 1500w\" alt=\"\" width=\"1456\" height=\"1280\" \/><\/div>\n<div class=\"zitat_inner\"><cite class=\"text\">It can be beneficial if this person does not understand the content of your paper, as this makes it easier to focus on spelling.<\/cite><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"die-richtige-zeitform-whlen\" class=\"headline has-icon\">\n<div class=\"icon\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"attachment-small size-small\" src=\"https:\/\/leko.service.th-nuernberg.de\/owl\/wp-content\/uploads\/computermitowllila.png\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1500px) 100vw, 1500px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/leko.service.th-nuernberg.de\/owl\/wp-content\/uploads\/computermitowllila.png 1500w, https:\/\/leko.service.th-nuernberg.de\/owl\/wp-content\/uploads\/computermitowllila-1024x900.png 1024w, https:\/\/leko.service.th-nuernberg.de\/owl\/wp-content\/uploads\/computermitowllila-1456x1280.png 1456w, https:\/\/leko.service.th-nuernberg.de\/owl\/wp-content\/uploads\/computermitowllila-768x675.png 768w\" alt=\"\" width=\"1500\" height=\"1319\" \/><\/div>\n<h2>Choose the correct tense<\/h2>\n<\/div>\n<p>In academic writing, <b>generally valid statements<\/b> are written in the <b>present tense<\/b>: <abbr title=\"for example\">e.g.<\/abbr> \u201c&#8230; the <abbr title=\"High-Performance Liquid Chromatography\">HPLC<\/abbr> is a separation technique for analyzing complex samples &#8230;\u201d<\/p>\n<p><b>Specific results<\/b> \u2013 both from the literature and from your own work \u2013 are written in the <b>past tense<\/b>: <abbr title=\"for example\">e.g.<\/abbr> \u201c&#8230; Huber <abbr title=\"and others\">et al.<\/abbr> were able to show that a buffer concentration of 5 <abbr title=\"millimolar\">mM<\/abbr> improved the resolution by 30 % &#8230;\u201d<\/p>\n<p>The <b>discussion<\/b> is generally written in the <b>past tense<\/b>, but may <b>differ<\/b> from this rule, if necessary:<br \/>\n<abbr title=\"for example\">e.g.<\/abbr> \u201c&#8230; due to the higher injection volume, the detection limit could be reduced to 5 <abbr title=\"milligrams\">mg<\/abbr>\/<abbr title=\"litre\">L<\/abbr>, and thus lies within the range of the method by Huber <abbr title=\"and others\">et al.<\/abbr>\u201d<\/p>\n<div class=\"zitat merksatz\">\n<div class=\"icon\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"attachment-large size-large\" src=\"https:\/\/leko.service.th-nuernberg.de\/owl\/wp-content\/uploads\/einausrufezeichengruen-1456x1280.png\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1456px) 100vw, 1456px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/leko.service.th-nuernberg.de\/owl\/wp-content\/uploads\/einausrufezeichengruen-1456x1280.png 1456w, https:\/\/leko.service.th-nuernberg.de\/owl\/wp-content\/uploads\/einausrufezeichengruen-1024x900.png 1024w, https:\/\/leko.service.th-nuernberg.de\/owl\/wp-content\/uploads\/einausrufezeichengruen-768x675.png 768w, https:\/\/leko.service.th-nuernberg.de\/owl\/wp-content\/uploads\/einausrufezeichengruen.png 1500w\" alt=\"\" width=\"1456\" height=\"1280\" \/><\/div>\n<div class=\"zitat_inner\"><cite class=\"text\">If an abbreviation ends with a period and appears at the end of a sentence, you do not need to add another final stop.<\/cite><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>Do not use the future tense to express what \u201cwill\u201d follow in your paper. At the time of reading, your paper is already completed, and the presented research has been conducted. Only when describing specific, one-time activities or experiments \u2013 especially in the Natural Sciences \u2013 is it common to use the past tense.<\/p>\n<div id=\"hufig-gestellte-fragen\" class=\"headline has-icon\">\n<div class=\"icon\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"attachment-small size-small\" src=\"https:\/\/leko.service.th-nuernberg.de\/owl\/wp-content\/uploads\/zweifragezeichenrot.png\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1500px) 100vw, 1500px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/leko.service.th-nuernberg.de\/owl\/wp-content\/uploads\/zweifragezeichenrot.png 1500w, https:\/\/leko.service.th-nuernberg.de\/owl\/wp-content\/uploads\/zweifragezeichenrot-1024x900.png 1024w, https:\/\/leko.service.th-nuernberg.de\/owl\/wp-content\/uploads\/zweifragezeichenrot-1456x1280.png 1456w, https:\/\/leko.service.th-nuernberg.de\/owl\/wp-content\/uploads\/zweifragezeichenrot-768x675.png 768w\" alt=\"\" width=\"1500\" height=\"1319\" \/><\/div>\n<h2>Frequently asked questions<\/h2>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"faq_wrapper\">\n<h3 class=\"faq question\">What is meant by the term \u201cformal\u201d?<\/h3>\n<p class=\"faq answer\">Formal means, on the one hand, not writing unnecessarily complicated sentences (i.e., with few nominalizations), but also ensuring that spelling and punctuation are correct.<\/p>\n<h3 class=\"faq question\">How can I write my paper \u201cimpersonally\u201d?<\/h3>\n<p class=\"faq answer\">Avoid using the pronoun \u201cI\u201d. Tip: Passive constructions are often suitable.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"hidden\">phrasing academic writing writing style writing tips<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>To ensure that readers understand your engineering text as intended, it should have the following characteristics: Impersonal writing style Objective formulations Proven content Neutral expression Precise and unambiguous Short and concise Formal writing style That\u2019s easier said than done \u2013 but writing is a craft, and with some practice, it can be learned. Write impersonally \u2026<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":12,"featured_media":5270,"menu_order":37,"template":"","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_coblocks_attr":"","_coblocks_dimensions":"","_coblocks_responsive_height":"","_coblocks_accordion_ie_support":"","_uag_custom_page_level_css":"","site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"default","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","ast-disable-related-posts":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"default","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"set","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"ast-content-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"footnotes":""},"artikel_category":[1540],"artikel_post_tag":[1964,1966,1542,1387],"fakultaet":[1232,1332,1236,1240,1340,1242,1336,1231,1234,1246],"arbeitsart":[1310,1251],"class_list":["post-8064","artikel","type-artikel","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","artikel_category-language-style","artikel_post_tag-phrasing","artikel_post_tag-scientific-writing","artikel_post_tag-writing-style","artikel_post_tag-writing-tips","fakultaet-ac-en","fakultaet-amp-en","fakultaet-ar-en","fakultaet-bi-en","fakultaet-efi-en","fakultaet-in-en","fakultaet-mb-vs-en","fakultaet-soh","fakultaet-vt","fakultaet-wt","arbeitsart-hausarbeit-en","arbeitsart-masterarbeit-en"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.9 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Language and Style in Engineering Sciences - Online Writing Lab<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/leko.service.th-nuernberg.de\/owl\/en\/artikel\/language-and-style-in-engineering-sciences\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"de_DE\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Language and Style in Engineering Sciences - Online Writing Lab\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"To ensure that readers understand your engineering text as intended, it should have the following characteristics: Impersonal writing style Objective formulations Proven content Neutral expression Precise and unambiguous Short and concise Formal writing style That\u2019s easier said than done \u2013 but writing is a craft, and with some practice, it can be learned. 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