{"id":8729,"date":"2025-10-20T12:49:02","date_gmt":"2025-10-20T10:49:02","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/leko.service.th-nuernberg.de\/owl\/?post_type=artikel&p=8729"},"modified":"2025-10-20T16:54:35","modified_gmt":"2025-10-20T14:54:35","slug":"formatting-mathematical-formulas","status":"publish","type":"artikel","link":"https:\/\/leko.service.th-nuernberg.de\/owl\/en\/artikel\/formatting-mathematical-formulas\/","title":{"rendered":"Formatting Mathematical Formulas"},"content":{"rendered":"
\n
\"\"<\/div>\n

Initial situation<\/h2>\n<\/div>\n
\n
\"\"<\/div>\n
A consistent format is particularly important to avoid misunderstandings and to ensure the traceability of calculations and experiments.<\/cite><\/div>\n<\/div>\n

Modern software tools<\/b> and mathematical editors<\/b> support the creation and presentation of formulas and equations in professional quality.<\/p>\n

A reference for meaningful formatting of formula symbols is provided by the standard DIN<\/abbr> EN<\/abbr> ISO<\/abbr> 80000-1<\/b>. This article follows this standard.<\/p>\n

\n
\"\"<\/div>\n

Specifying a quantity<\/h2>\n<\/div>\n
\n
\"\"<\/div>\n
A quantity is given as the product of a numerical value and a unit, and always has a clear and unique symbol.<\/cite><\/div>\n<\/div>\n

For example, the volume can be specified according to Equation 1<\/b>:<\/p>\n

\n

\"Figure:<\/p>\n

<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

Here, V<\/abbr> is the symbol<\/b> for the quantity \u201cvolume\u201d, cm3<\/sup><\/abbr> is the unit<\/b> of the volume, and 3.254 is the numerical value<\/b> of the volume.<\/p>\n

\n
\"\"<\/div>\n
A space must be placed between the numerical value and the unit.<\/cite><\/div>\n<\/div>\n

In general, any quantity Q<\/b> can be expressed as the product of the numerical value of the quantity {Q<\/abbr>} and the unit of the quantity [Q<\/abbr>].<\/p>\n

If only the numerical value<\/b> of a quantity is needed \u2013 for example, to specify it in a chart or in the column heading of a table \u2013 the quantity must be divided by its unit, as shown in Equation 2<\/b>:<\/p>\n

\n

\"Figure:<\/p>\n

<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
\n
\"\"<\/div>\n
So-called dimensionless quantities have the dimension number with unit [Q<\/abbr>] = 1.<\/cite><\/div>\n<\/div>\n
\n
\"\"<\/div>\n

Use of quantities in mathematical functions<\/h2>\n<\/div>\n

Mathematical functions are defined only for numerical values or for quantities of the dimension number<\/b>. Therefore, using a quantity with a different dimension as the argument of a mathematical function is not meaningful<\/b>.<\/p>\n

\n
\"\"<\/div>\n
Quantities with dimensions must therefore first be made dimensionless.<\/cite><\/div>\n<\/div>\n

This can be done by specifying the unit<\/b> or by using a standard quantity<\/b>.<\/p>\n

Examples of meaningful use of quantities in mathematical functions are shown in Equation 3<\/b>:<\/p>\n

\n

\"Figure:<\/p>\n

<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
\n
\"\"<\/div>\n

Formula symbols for quantities<\/h2>\n<\/div>\n

As a rule, formula symbols consist of letters from the Latin<\/b>, Greek<\/b>, or occasionally the Hebrew<\/b> alphabet.<\/p>\n

\n
\"\"<\/div>\n
Formula symbols are always written in italics.<\/cite><\/div>\n<\/div>\n

If formula symbols have indices<\/b>, the formatting of the indices depends on their respective meanings.<\/p>\n

    \n
  • An index that represents another quantity or variable is written in italics<\/b>, like the formula symbol.<\/li>\n
  • An index that represents a word, an abbreviation of a word, or a fixed number is written in upright type<\/b>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

    Equations 4<\/b> and 5<\/b> illustrate this for indices that must be italicized or upright, respectively:<\/p>\n

    \n

    \"Figure:<\/p>\n

    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n
    \n
    \"\"<\/div>\n

    Notation of unit symbols<\/h2>\n<\/div>\n
    \n
    \"\"<\/div>\n
    Unit symbols are always represented by unchanged, upright letters.<\/cite><\/div>\n<\/div>\n

    Note that lowercase letters<\/b> must be used for unit symbols (s<\/abbr>, mol<\/abbr>, m<\/abbr> etc.<\/abbr>).<\/p>\n

    An exception<\/b> applies only to unit symbols derived from personal names (V<\/abbr> based on Alessandro Volta, N<\/abbr> based on Isaac Newton, \u00b0C<\/abbr> based on Anders Celsius etc.<\/abbr>).<\/p>\n

    \n
    \"\"<\/div>\n
    Additions or modifications to unit symbols are not permitted.<\/cite><\/div>\n<\/div>\n

    A valid notation<\/b> for the mass fraction of component A is, for example: wA<\/sub><\/abbr> = 23.15 %<\/p>\n

    In contrast, notations such as 23.15 wt. %<\/abbr>, 23.15 m%<\/abbr> or 23.15 %(m\/m)<\/abbr> are not permitted<\/b>.<\/p>\n

    \n
    \"\"<\/div>\n
    Compound unit symbols represent a multiplicative connection of individual unit symbols, which must be separated by a space.<\/cite><\/div>\n<\/div>\n

    Reciprocal units<\/b> are expressed using powers, e.g.: m<\/abbr> s<\/abbr>-1<\/sup> or J<\/abbr> mol<\/abbr>-1<\/sup>, K<\/abbr>-1<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

    \n
    \"\"<\/div>\n

    Notation of chemical elements and compounds<\/h2>\n<\/div>\n
    \n
    \"\"<\/div>\n
    Symbols of chemical elements must be written in normal, upright typeface.<\/cite><\/div>\n<\/div>\n
    \n
    \"\"<\/div>\n

    Inserting formula symbols and equations in Word<\/h2>\n<\/div>\n

    Formulas and formula symbols can be inserted in Word using the Equation Editor<\/b>: Tab \u2013 Insert, Group \u2013 Symbols, Command \u2013 Equation.<\/p>\n

    When using both an equation and equation numbering on the same line, make sure that Word does not interpret the equation as text<\/b>.<\/p>\n

    If interpreted as text, this results in<\/b> font size adjustments, especially for fractions, as shown in Equation 6<\/b>:<\/p>\n

    \n

    \"Figure:<\/p>\n

    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n

    You can avoid this automatic font size adjustment by inserting the equation into a table<\/b>. In this case, the equation and the numbering must be in different cells, as shown in Equation 7<\/b>:<\/p>\n

    \n

    \"Figure:<\/p>\n

    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n
    \n
    \"\"<\/div>\n
    The table borders must be hidden.<\/cite><\/div>\n<\/div>\n

    For complex formulas, using MathType<\/b> is also recommended, as it offers a wide range of tools for precise and professional presentation of mathematical expressions.<\/p>\n

    However, using MathType is complex<\/b> and time-consuming<\/b>. In addition, compatibility, export, or printing issues may occasionally occur with formulas created in MathType.<\/p>\n

    Therefore, for complex mathematical content, the scientific typesetting system LATEX<\/b> is recommended, as it offers significant advantages<\/b> over e.g.<\/abbr> Microsoft Word \u2013 especially due to its powerful features and ability to create consistent, high-quality documents.<\/p>\n

    LATEX also offers the advantage of platform independence and is supported by a large, active community, which facilitates problem-solving<\/b> and ensures long-term availability.<\/p>\n

    \n
    \"\"<\/div>\n

    Frequently asked questions<\/h2>\n<\/div>\n
    \n

    Why is consistent formatting of formulas important?<\/h3>\n

    A consistent format is particularly important to avoid misunderstandings and to ensure the traceability of calculations and experiments.<\/p>\n

    Which programs can support me with formatting?<\/h3>\n

    For formatting mathematical formulas, LATEX is recommended, as it offers certain advantages over MathType and Microsoft Word.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

    Formula symbols quantities mathematical functions formulas revision<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

    Initial situation A consistent format is particularly important to avoid misunderstandings and to ensure the traceability of calculations and experiments. Modern software tools and mathematical editors support the creation and presentation of formulas and equations in professional quality. A reference for meaningful formatting of formula symbols is provided by the standard DIN EN ISO 80000-1. \u2026<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":17,"featured_media":5338,"menu_order":11,"template":"","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_coblocks_attr":"","_coblocks_dimensions":"","_coblocks_responsive_height":"","_coblocks_accordion_ie_support":"","_uag_custom_page_level_css":"","site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"default","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","ast-disable-related-posts":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"default","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"set","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"ast-content-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"footnotes":""},"artikel_category":[1351],"artikel_post_tag":[2093,2086,2090,2088,1949,1983,1761],"fakultaet":[1232,1332,1236,1240,1340,1242,1336,1231,1234,1246],"arbeitsart":[1310,1251],"class_list":["post-8729","artikel","type-artikel","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","artikel_category-citing-layout","artikel_post_tag-equations","artikel_post_tag-formula-symbols","artikel_post_tag-mathematical-functions","artikel_post_tag-quantities","artikel_post_tag-revise","artikel_post_tag-revising","artikel_post_tag-revision","fakultaet-ac-en","fakultaet-amp-en","fakultaet-ar-en","fakultaet-bi-en","fakultaet-efi-en","fakultaet-in-en","fakultaet-mb-vs-en","fakultaet-soh","fakultaet-vt","fakultaet-wt","arbeitsart-hausarbeit-en","arbeitsart-masterarbeit-en"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nFormatting Mathematical Formulas - Online Writing Lab<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/leko.service.th-nuernberg.de\/owl\/en\/artikel\/formatting-mathematical-formulas\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"de_DE\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Formatting Mathematical Formulas - Online Writing Lab\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Initial situation A consistent format is particularly important to avoid misunderstandings and to ensure the traceability of calculations and experiments. 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Modern software tools and mathematical editors support the creation and presentation of formulas and equations in professional quality. A reference for meaningful formatting of formula symbols is provided by the standard DIN EN ISO 80000-1.…","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/leko.service.th-nuernberg.de\/owl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/artikel\/8729","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/leko.service.th-nuernberg.de\/owl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/artikel"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/leko.service.th-nuernberg.de\/owl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/artikel"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/leko.service.th-nuernberg.de\/owl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/17"}],"version-history":[{"count":5,"href":"https:\/\/leko.service.th-nuernberg.de\/owl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/artikel\/8729\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":8810,"href":"https:\/\/leko.service.th-nuernberg.de\/owl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/artikel\/8729\/revisions\/8810"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/leko.service.th-nuernberg.de\/owl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/5338"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/leko.service.th-nuernberg.de\/owl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=8729"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"artikel_category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/leko.service.th-nuernberg.de\/owl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/artikel_category?post=8729"},{"taxonomy":"artikel_post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/leko.service.th-nuernberg.de\/owl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/artikel_post_tag?post=8729"},{"taxonomy":"fakultaet","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/leko.service.th-nuernberg.de\/owl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/fakultaet?post=8729"},{"taxonomy":"arbeitsart","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/leko.service.th-nuernberg.de\/owl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/arbeitsart?post=8729"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}