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Empirical research refers to any research that uses empirical observations, that is, experiences, to answer its questions. While these data in qualitative research consist, for example, of interviews or notes, quantitative research relies on numerical data, e.g. measurements.

Elements of a quantitative paper

An empirical paper with a quantitative approach tests hypotheses derived from theory and usually contains the following elements:

  • Discussion of the problem in relation to the current academic literature
  • Own research questions embedded in or derived from this discussion
  • Implementation of these research questions into testable hypotheses
  • Description of research methods: data collection methods, e.g. questionnaire design, sample design
  • Analysis methods: study sample, data analysis methods, presentation of results, findings regarding confirmation or rejection of hypotheses
  • Discussion and interpretation of the results

Quantitative methods of data collection

There are different methods of data collection for a quantitative study. The typical ones are:

  • Counting
  • Assessing
  • Testing
  • Surveying
  • Observing
  • Measuring

Frequently asked questions

What is meant by quantitative research?

Through quantitative research, you test hypotheses derived from theory. Various empirical methods are available to you for this purpose.

How do I present my results clearly and understandably?

Use a clear structure with tables or diagrams for illustration and describe the most important results objectively and concisely.

How do I deal with negative or non-significant results?

These results should be reported objectively, reflected upon theoretically, and possible explanations (e.g. sample size, measurement instruments) should be discussed, rather than omitted.

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