Empirical work with a qualitative approach
If your research has a qualitative focus, you do not examine representative samples but rather individual cases or small case numbers. For this, you work in great detail with your data material. The aim is not to test a hypothesis quantitatively. Instead, you try to gain deeper insights into social structures. The main focus is on the subjective background of your topic – this includes, for example, opinions, motives, expectations, behaviors, or reasons for decisions. Learn more in the article: Qualitative studies
Empirical work with a quantitative approach
An empirical paper with a quantitative approach tests hypotheses derived from theory. You review existing scientific theses, derive your own research questions from them, and develop your own hypothesis. Then you select an appropriate data collection method to examine your theory. Findings are generated through the statistical analysis of measurement data, which is then evaluated, discussed, and interpreted. Refer to the article: Quantitative studies
Literature review
A literature-based or theoretical paper is also an academic work. While other – empirical – papers, develop and test questionnaires, observe and interview people, or develop and evaluate interventions, here – from an outside perspective – you “only” read, think, and write. However, a lot happens in a paper which is based on literature: It provides an overview of the research status in a narrowly defined research area and evaluates it to answer the research question. Learn more in the article: Literature-based work
Developing a concept
A concept, for example for a social institution, is also an academic work. It describes resources and goals and how they will be achieved. The implementation of your project must be well thought out, planned, and later evaluated. Find out more in the article: Developing concepts
Frequently asked questions
When is a paper considered “academic”?
A paper is considered academic when it follows academic standards. It is a methodical and systematic approach in which the results of the work are comprehensible or reproducible for everyone. This means, among other things, that sources are disclosed (quoted) and experiments are described in such a way that they can be replicated.
What kind of academic paper should I write?
For term papers, the type of academic work is usually specified. For final theses, you make your decision in consultation with your supervisor, depending on the topic and purpose of the work. Your expectations, the available time, and your personal preferences also play a role.
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This article was published in August 2025 and last updated in February 2025.